Table 3. Risk factors for symptomatic hepatitis E virus infection in persons without travel history (univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis), Germany, January 2012–2014 (n = 1,429).
| Risk factor | Cases (n = 270) |
% | Controls (n = 1,159) |
% | Univariable mOR |
95% CI | Multivariable mOR |
95% CI | PAF | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Consumption of meat | ||||||||||
| Minced porka | 42/269 | 15.6 | 130/1,157 | 11.2 | 1.6 | 1.1–2.4 | NA | |||
| Minced pork and beef (mix) a | 56/266 | 21.1 | 197/1,152 | 17.1 | 1.4 | 0.97–1.94 | NA | |||
| Pork (e.g. roast) | 143/268 | 53.4 | 529/1,159 | 45.6 | 1.4 | 1.03–1.81 | NA | |||
| Pork (e.g. roast)a | 16/263 | 6.1 | 21/1,158 | 1.8 | 3.9 | 1.9–7.9 | 3.0 | 1.4–6.5 | 0.04 | 0.01–0.07 |
| Wild boara | 8/265 | 3.0 | 10/1,135 | 0.9 | 3.3 | 1.2–8.6 | 3.7 | 1.1–12.4 | 0.02 | 0–0.04 |
| Rabbita | 2/265 | 0.8 | 2/1,135 | 0.2 | 3.6 | 0.5–23.5 | NA | |||
| Pork livera | 12/263 | 4.6 | 14/1,135 | 1.2 | 4.3 | 1.9–10.1 | 5.3 | 1.8–15.7 | 0.04 | 0.01–0.07 |
| Pork offal (excluding liver)a | 2/259 | 0.8 | 1/1,135 | 0.1 | 11.2 | 0.7–171.2 | NA | |||
| Beef livera | 6/265 | 2.3 | 11/1,134 | 1.0 | 2.6 | 0.9–7.7 | NA | |||
| Beef offal (excluding liver)a | 2/264 | 0.8 | 1/1,135 | 0.1 | 8 | 0.7–88.2 | NA | |||
| Home-butchered meat | 15/268 | 5.6 | 40/1,153 | 3.5 | 1.8 | 0.96–3.20 | NA | |||
| Consumption of meat products | ||||||||||
| Spreadable sausages made of raw meat (e.g. Teewurst, Mettwurst) | 94/268 | 35.1 | 307/1,158 | 26.5 | 1.5 | 1.1–2.0 | NA | |||
| Raw ham | 165/270 | 61.1 | 600/1,158 | 51.8 | 1.4 | 1.1–1.0 | NA | |||
| Cooked cured products (eg., cooked ham) | 109/269 | 40.5 | 349/1,159 | 30.1 | 1.6 | 1.2–2.1 | NA | |||
| Boiled sausage | 141/269 | 52.4 | 496/1,158 | 42.8 | 1.5 | 1.1–2.0 | NA | |||
| Sülzwurst (sausage containing meat jelly) | 24/269 | 8.9 | 73/1,157 | 6.3 | 1.6 | 0.95–2.59 | NA | |||
| Liver sausage or liver pâté | 114/270 | 42.2 | 324/1,159 | 28.0 | 1.9 | 1.5–2.6 | 2.1 | 1.5–3 | 0.24 | 0.12–0.33 |
| Boiled sausage (e.g. frankfurter, wiener) | 97/267 | 36.3 | 282/1,159 | 24.3 | 2.0 | 1.4–2.7 | 1.9 | 1.3–2.7 | 0.18 | 0.08–0.26 |
| Consumption of other food items | ||||||||||
| Raw vegetables | 222/269 | 82.5 | 805/1,157 | 69.6 | 2.0 | 1.4–2.8 | 1.9 | 1.3–2.9 | 0.39 | 0.17–0.56 |
| Animal contact | ||||||||||
| Dogs | 58/267 | 21.7 | 204/1,159 | 17.6 | 1.3 | 0.9–1.8 | NA | |||
| Cats | 65/265 | 24.5 | 221/1,159 | 19.1 | 1.4 | 1.01–1.89 | NA | |||
| Domestic pigs | 4/265 | 1.5 | 8/1,159 | 0.7 | 2.2 | 0.7–7.5 | NA | |||
| Cattle | 6/266 | 2.3 | 8/1,159 | 0.7 | 3.5 | 1.8–10.5 | NA | |||
| Environmental exposure | ||||||||||
| Contact with waste water (non-occupational) | 4/264 | 1.5 | 28/1,158 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 0.2–2.0 | NA | |||
| Contact with waste water (occupational) | 20/267 | 7.5 | 18/1,159 | 1.6 | 5.2 | 2.7–10.1 | 5.5 | 2.1–13.9 | 0.06 | 0.02–0.1 |
| Pre-existing conditions | ||||||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 46/268 | 17.2 | 99/1,157 | 8.6 | 2.3 | 1.5–3.4 | 3.3 | 1.8–5.8 | 0.11 | 0.06–0.17 |
| Autoimmune diseases | 27/261 | 10.3 | 68/1,141 | 6.0 | 1.9 | 1.2–3.1 | NA | |||
| Malignant diseases | 22/267 | 8.2 | 66/1,154 | 5.7 | 1.4 | 0.8–2.4 | NA | |||
| Gastrointestinal disease (not ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease) | 46/267 | 17.2 | 77/1,154 | 6.7 | 2.9 | 1.9–4.3 | 2.4 | 1.4–4.2 | 0.11 | 0.04–0.17 |
| Congenital diseassses | 8/268 | 3.0 | 15/1,152 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 0.99–5.55 | NA | |||
| Allergies | 100/266 | 37.6 | 355/1,153 | 30.8 | 1.4 | 1.01–1.80 | NA | |||
| Acid-reducing drugs | 60/268 | 22.4 | 185/1,155 | 16.0 | 1.5 | 1.1–2.1 | NA | |||
| Hepatitis B | 5/265 | 1.9 | 3/1,155 | 0.3 | 10.0 | 1.9–51.8 | 29.2 | 4.9–175.3 | 0.02 | 0–0.03 |
| Chronic liver infections (non-HBV/HCV) | 7/265 | 2.6 | 6/1,155 | 0.5 | 5.4 | 1.6–18.7 | NA | |||
| Chronically elevated liver enzymes | 24/270 | 8.9 | 30/1,151 | 2.6 | 4.4 | 2.3–8.3 | 6.1 | 2.9–12.6 | 0.07 | 0.04–0.11 |
| Fatty liver disease (non-alcoholic) | 16/270 | 5.9 | 34/1,151 | 3.0 | 1.9 | 1.04–3.47 | NA | |||
| Fatty liver disease (alcoholic) | 7/270 | 2.6 | 5/1,151 | 0.4 | 9.1 | 2.2–36.8 | NA | |||
| Liver cirrhosis | 9/270 | 3.3 | 2/1,151 | 0.2 | 36.0 | 4.5–285.4 | 34.1 | 3.1–372.2 | 0.03 | 0.01–0.06 |
| Liver diseases, other | 10/270 | 3.7 | 25/1,151 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 0.9–4.3 | NA | |||
CI: confidence interval; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; mOR: matched odds ratio; PAF: population attributable fraction; NA: not applicable (variable is not part of the final multivariable model).
a Consumed raw, rare or otherwise not fully cooked.
Only variables with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) > 1 and a p value < 0.2 in the univariable analysis are shown.