Figure 3.

Effects of NASH and exercise on mitochondrial function. When β-oxidation fails to appropriately neutralize the access in FFA, ROS formation leads to lipid peroxidation products, which in return cause more mitochondrial damage. Physical exercise stimulates PPARα, which has beneficial effects on multiple aspects of β-oxidation and therefore improves mitochondrial quality and function. ACD, acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase; CPT1/2, carnitine palmitoyl coenzyme A transferase 1/2; FFA; MDA, malondialdehyde; PPARα; TFE, trifunctional enzyme.