Table 1.
Items measuring values, attitudes, and behavior, and means (standard deviations in parentheses).
| Dimension | Item | Meaning | Response categories | M (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Universalism | (1) | Important that every person should be treated equally/have equal opportunities | 1 - does not apply at all 5 - fully applies |
4.07 (0.95) |
| (2) | Important to listen to people who are different/understand them | 3.86 (0.86) | ||
| (3) | People should care for nature/environment is important to me | 3.55 (0.99) | ||
| Benevolence | (4) | Important to help people around me/care for their well-being | 3.91 (0.86) | |
| (5) | Important to be loyal to my friends/devoted to people that are close to me | 4.22 (0.78) | ||
| Tradition | (6) | Important to be humble and modest/not to draw attention | 3.14 (0.95) | |
| (7) | Tradition is important for me/follow customs of my religion, culture, and family | 2.99 (1.17) | ||
| Conformity | (8) | People should do what they are told/follow rules at all times | 3.23 (0.95) | |
| (9) | Important to behave properly/avoid doing anything people would say is wrong | 3.25 (0.95) | ||
| Security | (10) | Important to live in secure surroundings/avoid anything that endangers my safety | 3.61 (0.96) | |
| (11) | Important that government ensures safety/strong state so it can defend its citizens | 3.89 (0.91) | ||
| Power | (12) | Important to be rich/to have money and expensive things | 2.86 (0.95) | |
| (13) | Important to be respected/I want people to do what I say | 2.63 (0.96) | ||
| Achievement | (14) | Important to show my abilities/receive admiration | 3.44 (0.91) | |
| (15) | Important to be successful/recognition of my achievements | 3.78 (0.89) | ||
| Hedonism | (16) | Important to have a good time/spoil myself | 3.97 (0.83) | |
| (17) | I seek every opportunity to have fun/important to do things that give me pleasure | 3.47 (0.89) | ||
| Stimulation | (18) | I like surprises and look for new things/important to do different things in life | 3.62 (0.89) | |
| (19) | I look for adventures/an exciting life | 2.80 (0.97) | ||
| Self-direction | (20) | Important to think up new ideas, be creative/do things in my own original way | 3.60 (0.93) | |
| (21) | Important to make my own decisions/to be free and independent from others | 4.07 (0.82) | ||
| Attitudes toward violence | (22) | I think that attacking another person and hitting her/him in the face is... | 1 - very harmful 5 - totally harmless (recoded) |
1.54 (0.78) |
| (23) | I think that provoking and intimidating another person is... | 2.06 (1.00) | ||
| (25) | I think that robbing another person is... | 1.23 (0.55) | ||
| Violent behavior | (26) | During the past 12 months: how often did you hit another person (with or without a weapon)/ snatch a bag from another person/ rob another person? | 1 - reported at least one violent offense, 0 - reported no violent offense |
0.04 (0.59) |