Table 3.
The protective effects of bee pollen against prooxidant action of different harmful factors.
| Source | Toxic factor | Harmful effects of a toxic factor | The type of bee pollen and the way of application | Effects of bee pollen coadministration |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mitigation effect of bee pollen on chemiotherapeutic agents | ||||
| Huang et al. [88] | Cisplatin-induced toxicity in rats, (8 mg/kg b.w. i.p. in single dose) on the 7th day of the 12-day-experiment | ↑ MDA and iNOS: liver and kidney ↓ SOD, CAT, and GSH: liver and kidney |
Schisandra chinensis bee pollen extracted with 70% ethanol, 400, 800, and 1200 mg/kg b.w. p.o., 12 days | ↓ MDA in liver∗∗ and kidney ↓ iNOS in liver and kidney∗∗ ↑ SOD in liver∗∗ and kidney∗∗ ↑ CAT in the liver and kidney ↑ GSH in the liver and kidney |
| Tohamy et al. [89] | Cisplatin-induced toxicity in male mice (2.8 mg/kg b.w. i.p. twice/week for 3 weeks) | ↑ Lipid peroxidation in liver, kidney and testis ↓ CAT and GSH in the liver, kidney, and testis |
Water, Egyptian bee pollen extract, 140 mg/kg b.w. once a day orally, during the last 2 weeks of cisplatin exposure | ↓ Lipid peroxidation in the kidney, liver, and testis ↑ CAT and GSH in the kidney, liver, and testis |
| Mitigation effect of bee pollen on other toxic agents | ||||
| Ferreira et al. [12] | Tebuconazole-exposed fish (catfish jundiá), 0.88 mg/L (16.6% of 96 h LC50) 96 hours |
↑ Lipid peroxidation in the liver, kidney, and brain ↓ SOD in liver ↑ CAT in the liver and brain |
Bee pollen; 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05 g/L, environmental exposure | ↓ Lipid peroxidation in the liver, kidney∗∗, and brain∗∗ ↑ SOD in the liver ∗∗ ↓ CAT in liver∗∗: low and high doses ↓ CAT in brain∗∗ |
| Yıldız et al. [1] | Carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats (0.85 mL/kg b. w. i.p., 7 days) | ↑ plasma ALT and AST ↑ MDA in liver, RBC and plasma; ↓ SOD in plasma, RBC and liver |
Bee pollen collected during flowering season in Turkey (Western Black Sea region) with dominant component chestnut sativa pollen (>45%), 200 mg/kg/day orally, 400 mg/kg/day orally, 7 days | ↓ Plasma ALT: high dose ↓ Plasma AST ↓ MDA in the plasma, RBC, and liver |
| Almaraz-Abarca et al. [93] | Bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity in mice, 94.211 μg/mL in oil, 200 μL orally | ↑ Lipid peroxidation liver | Bee pollen from mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) collected in April in Mexico, extracts of two flavonol concentration (9.794 μg/mL and 21.751 μg/mL), 200 μL orally | ↓ Liver lipid peroxidation—only the higher dose |
| Ketkar [92] | Chronic exercise-induced oxidative stress in rats, 4 weeks | ↓ Gastrocnemius muscle SOD and GSH ↑ Gastrocnemius muscle MDA and NO ↓ Weight of gastrocnemius muscle and body |
The neat and processed (1 mg of bee pollen : 500 mg of Captex 355 : 750 mg of Tween 80) monofloral Indian mustard bee pollen, 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg daily, orally | ↑ SOD and GSH in gastrocnemius muscle ↓ MDA in gastrocnemius muscle: neat∗∗: high dose, processed: all doses ↓ NO in gastrocnemius muscle neat∗∗: higher ones, processed: all doses ↑ Body weight ↑ Gastrocnemius muscle weight neat∗∗: high one, processed∗∗: higher doses The positive effects increase along with the increase in the dose |
ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; CAT: catalase; GSH: reduced glutathione, iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; MDA: malondialdehyde; NO: nitrogen oxide; RBC: red blood cell; SOD: superoxide dismutase; ↓: decrease; ↑: increase; ∗∗the effect depended on used dose.