Table 4.
The protective effects of royal jelly against prooxidant action of different harmful factors.
| Source | Toxic/harmful factor | Harmful effects of an applied factor | The dose and the way of application of royal jelly or its ingredients | Effects of royal jelly or its ingredient coadministration |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neuroprotective effect of royal jelly | ||||
| Mohamed et al. [118] | Tartrazine-induced neurotoxicity in rats (500 mg/kg p.o., 30 days) | ↑ MDA; ↓ SOD, CAT, and GSH in brain tissue | RJ: 300 mg/kg p.o., 30 days | ↓ MDA; ↑ SOD, CAT, and GSH in brain tissue |
| Aslan et al. [119] | Neuronal damage after experimental spinal cord injury (laminectomy) in rabbits | ↓ Nitrate and nitrite in serum ↓ SOD and GPx; ↑ CAT in erythrocytes ↑ MDA, nitrite, and nitrate, ↓ GSH in cerebrospinal fluid ↑ MDA and GSH in brain tissue |
RJ: 100 mg/kg b.w. p.o. after trauma | ↓ MDA, ↑GSH in whole blood ↑ Nitrate, Vit. C, retinol, and β-carotene in serum ↑ SOD, CAT, and GPx in erythrocytes ↓ MDA and nitrite; ↑ GSH in cerebrospinal fluid ↓ MDA; and ↑ GSH in brain tissue |
| Teixeira et al. [120] | Resistant and cold stress condition | ↑ TBARS brain, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus ↓ GPx, GR, G6PDH, and GSH in the brain and striatum |
RJ: 200 mg/kg by gavage, 14 days | ↓ TBARS level in the brain, cerebellum, striatum, and hippocampus ↑ GPx, GR, G6PDH, and GSH concentration in cerebral cortex and striatum |
| Inoue et al. [131] | 6-Hydroxydopamine- (6OHDA-) induced cell death; human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells | ↑ ROS generation | RJ fatty acid derivative—HPO-DAEE: 50 μM | ↑ Expression of HO-1 mRNA ↑ Cell viability ↓ ROS generation |
| Mitigation effect of royal jelly on chemotherapeutic agents | ||||
| Silici et al. [100] | Cisplatin-induced spermiotoxicity in rats (7 mg/kg b.w. i.p. in single dose) | ↑ MDA ↓ SOD, CAT, and GPx in testis tissues |
RJ pretreatment and posttreatment: 50 or 100 mg/kg b.w. p.o. once a day, for 10 days | ↓ MDA ↑ SOD, CAT, and GPx in testis tissues |
| Silici et al. [121] | Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats (7 mg/kg i.p. in single dose) | ↑ MDA ↓ SOD, CAT, and GPx in renal tissues |
RJ pretreatment and posttreatment: 50 or 100 mg/kg b.w. p.o. once a day, for 10 days | ↓ MDA ↑ SOD, CAT, and GPx in renal tissues |
| Amirshahi et al. [125] | Bleomycin-induced spermiotoxicity in rats (10 mg/kg b.w., 48 days, twice a week, i.p.) | ↑ MDA in testicular tissue | RJ: 100 mg/kg b.w., p.o., 48 days | ↓ MDA in testicular tissue |
| Kaynar et al. [126] | Methotrexate-induced oxidative stress in rats (20 mg/kg b.w. i.p., single dose) | ↑ MDA and ↓ SOD and GPx in plasma | RJ: 50 or 100 mg/kg b.w., p.o, 10 days | ↓ MDA and ↑ SOD∗∗ and GPx∗∗ in plasma |
| Malekinejad et al. [127] | Paclitrexal-induced cardiotoxicity in rats (7.5 mg/kg b.w. i.p., weekly, 7 weeks) | ↓ TAC in serum ↑ MDA and NO in heart tissue |
RJ: 50, 100, or 150 mg/kg b.w., p.o., 28 days | ↑ TAC∗∗ in serum ↓ MDA∗∗ and NO in heart tissue |
| Delkhoshe-Kasmaie et al. [128] | Taxol-induced damage of the testis (7.5 mg/kg b.w. i.p., weekly, 4 weeks) | ↑ MDA and NO and ↓ TTM in testis tissue | RJ: 50, 100, or 150 mg/kg b.w., 4 weeks | ↓ MDA and NO∗∗ and ↑ TTM∗∗ in testis tissue |
| Mitigation effect of royal jelly on other toxic agents | ||||
| Kanbur et al. [111]. | Sodium fluoride-induced oxidative stress in mice (200 ppm fluoride p.o., 7 days) | ↑ MDA in erythrocytes and liver tissue ↓ SOD, CAT, and GPx in erythrocytes ↑ GPx, ↓ CAT, and SOD in the liver tissue |
RJ: 50 mg/kg b.w. by gavage for 7 days | ↓ MDA in erythrocytes and liver tissue ↑ SOD and CAT in erythrocytes and liver tissue ↓ GPx in erythrocytes |
| Cemek et al. [123] | Carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver damage in rats (0.8 mL/kg b.w. s.c., 20 days) | ↑ MDA in the whole blood, liver, brain, kidney, lung, and heart tissues ↓ GSH in the whole blood ↓ Vit. C, β-carotene, and retinol in serum |
RJ: 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg b.w., p.o., 20 days | ↓ MDA in the whole blood, liver∗∗, brain∗∗, kidney, lung, and heart tissues ↓ GSH in the whole blood∗∗ ↑ GSH in the liver and brain tissues∗∗ ↑ Vit. C, β-carotene, and retinol in serum |
| Ahmed et al. [124] | Azathioprine-induced toxicity in rats (50 mg/kg b.w. i.p., single dose) | ↑ MDA and GSH in the liver tissue | RJ: 200 mg/kg p.o., 7 days | ↓ MDA and ↑ GSH in the liver tissue after 24 h and 2 weeks of posttreatment |
| Ghanbari et al. [116] | Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (60 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) | ↑ MDA, ↓ CAT, and FRAP in the liver and pancreas | RJ: 200 mg/kg b.w., p.o., 6 weeks |
↓ MDA in the liver and pancreas ↑ CAT and FRAP in the liver and pancreas |
| Ghanbari et al. [117] | Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (50 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) | ↓ CAT and FRAP in testicular tissue | RJ: 200 mg/kg b.w., p.o., 6 weeks |
↑ CAT and FRAP in the testicular tissue |
| Sugiyama et al. [134] | LPS- and interferon-β-induced NO generation; RAW264 murine macrophage cell line | ↑ Nitrate ↑ iNOS promoter activity ↑ NF-κB activation and TNF-α production |
RJ fatty acid (1 mM, 2 mM, 4 mM 10H2DA) | ↓ Nitrate ↓ iNOS promoter activity ↓ NF-κB activation and TNF-α production |
| Takahashi et al. [135] | Interferon-γ-induced NO production; RAW264 murine macrophage cell | ↑ Nitrate ↑ iNOS promoter activation ↑ NF-κB activation and TNF-α production |
RJ fatty acid (1 mM, 2 mM, 5 mM 10H2DA) | ↓ Nitrate ↓ iNOS promoter activation and NF-κB activation∗∗ and TNF-α production |
10H2DA: 10-hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid; CAT: catalase; FRAP: iron reduction capacity; G6PDH: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GR: glutathione reductase; GSH: reduced glutathione; G6PDH: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; HPO-DAEE: hydroperoxy-2-decenoic acid ethyl ester; HO-1: heme oxygenase-1; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; MDA: malondialdehyde; NO: nitric oxide; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; Nrf2/ARE: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant responsive elements (AREs); SOD: superoxide dismutase; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; TTM: total thiol molecules; ↓: decrease; ↑: increase; ∗∗the effect depended on used dose.