Table 3.
Cytokine | Action mechanism |
---|---|
IL-8 | (i) It induces neutrophil chemoattraction and cell survival [18] (ii) It stimulates cell growth and cancer metastasis [89] (iii) Prognosis of patients with high levels of IL-8 is extremely poor [48] and its expression was associated with lesion severity [90] |
| |
IL-17 | (i) It is associated with lymphatic metastasis [91] (ii) It is found in high levels in patients with cervical cancer [91] (iii) It is also linked to the antitumor response [92], when it supports the recruitment and activation of neutrophils, the maturation of DC/priming of T cells, and the synthesis of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 [74, 75, 93] |
| |
IL-23 | (i) It is synthesized by activated APCs [94] (ii) It induces macrophage secretion of TNF-α, DC production of IL-12, and the synthesis of IL-17 [95] (iii) It induces upregulation of MMP9 (matrix metalloproteinase 9), tumor angiogenesis, and TAM activity and prevents T CD8+ cell infiltration [95] (iv) As well as IL-17, shows antitumor activities through its immune surveillance properties, such as the promotion of CTL and NK cell, the IFN-γ secretion, and the stimulation of the IL-12-induced Th1 response [95] |