Table 1.
Patient and hospital characteristics of inpatients with hemodynamically stable acute pulmonary embolism, by trans-thoracic echocardiogram use (N = 64,037)
| No Trans-thoracic Echocardiography (n = 37,112) | Trans-thoracic Echocardiography (n = 26,925) | |
|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||
| Age, yr | 61.1 ± 17.8 | 62.5 ± 17.0 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White | 25,272 (68.1) | 1,8067 (67.1) |
| Black | 5,611 (15.1) | 4,158 (15.4) |
| Hispanic | 1,178 (3.2) | 959 (3.6) |
| Other | 5,051 (13.6) | 3,741 (13.9) |
| Female sex | 20,420 (55.0) | 14,358 (53.3) |
| Primary insurance payer | ||
| Medicare | 18,067 (48.7) | 13,499 (50.1) |
| Medicaid | 3,240 (8.7) | 2,055 (7.6) |
| Private insurance | 12,430 (33.5) | 9,187 (34.1) |
| Self-pay | 1,859 (5.0) | 1,101 (4.1) |
| Other | 1,516 (4.1) | 1,083 (4.0) |
| Hospital characteristics | ||
| No. of beds | 400.2 ± 227.8 | 407.9 ± 230.6 |
| Location | ||
| Rural | 4,204 (11.3) | 2,426 (9.0) |
| Urban | 32,908 (88.7) | 24,499 (91.0) |
| Teaching hospital | 13,670 (36.8) | 10,092 (37.5) |
| Geographic area | ||
| Northeast | 5,726 (15.4) | 6,110 (22.7) |
| Midwest | 7,707 (20.8) | 5,715 (21.2) |
| South | 16,292 (43.9) | 9,949 (37.0) |
| West | 7,387 (19.9) | 4,141 (19.1) |
| Comorbidities* | ||
| No. of comorbidities | 1.4 ± 1.2 | 1.5 ± 1.2 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1,460 (3.9) | 1,770 (6.6) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 3,080 (8.3) | 3,294 (12.2) |
| COPD | 1,913 (5.2) | 1,454 (5.4) |
| Chronic hypertension | 19,856 (53.5) | 15,936 (59.2) |
| Diabetes | 6,868 (18.5) | 5,886 (21.9) |
| Obesity | 5,660 (15.3) | 5,622 (20.9) |
| Coronary artery disease | 131 (0.4) | 88 (0.3) |
| Ischemic stroke | 244 (0.7) | 237 (0.9) |
| Solid tumor | 4,634 (12.5) | 2,290 (8.5) |
| Lymphoma | 291 (0.8) | 189 (0.7) |
| Metastatic cancer | 3,191 (8.6) | 1,501 (5.6) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1,004 (2.7) | 827 (3.1) |
| Rheumatologic disease | 1,031 (2.8) | 757 (2.8) |
| Dementia | 1,529 (4.1) | 1,207 (4.5) |
| Hemiplegia | 74 (0.2) | 53 (0.2) |
| Paralysis | 173 (0.5) | 98 (0.4) |
| Acute organ failures* | ||
| No. of acute organ failures | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.7 |
| Respiratory failure | 2,135 (5.8) | 2,422 (9.0) |
| Renal failure | 1,462 (3.9) | 1,798 (6.7) |
| Neurological failure | 342 (0.9) | 316 (1.2) |
| Hematological failure | 1,401 (3.8) | 1,248 (4.6) |
| Hepatic failure | 49 (0.1) | 74 (0.3) |
| Metabolic failure | 278 (0.8) | 366 (1.4) |
| Electrolyte abnormalities | 5,452 (14.7) | 4,518 (16.8) |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 241 (0.7) | 407 (1.5) |
| Additional covariates | ||
| Attending specialty | ||
| Cardiology | 947 (2.6) | 1,187 (4.4) |
| Internal medicine | 24,523 (66.1) | 18,281 (67.9) |
| Medical oncology | 1,688 (4.6) | 544 (2.0) |
| Pulmonary–critical care | 2,276 (6.1) | 1,528 (5.7) |
| Surgery | 479 (1.3) | 243 (0.9) |
| Other | 7,199 (19.4) | 5,142 (19.1) |
| Year of hospitalization | ||
| 2008 | 8,413 (22.7) | 6,034 (22.4) |
| 2009 | 11,055 (29.8) | 7,747 (28.8) |
| 2010 | 11,589 (31.2) | 8,626 (32.0) |
| 2011 | 6,055 (16.3) | 4,518 (16.8) |
Definition of abbreviation: COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SD = standard deviation.
Data presented as mean ± SD or n (%).
*
Present on hospital admission.