TLR4 was essential for LPS to drive maturation of splenic DCs. 6–8 weeks-old TLR4+/+ or TLR4−/- mice were intraperitoneally injected with 1xPBS (PBS), Bm-wt LPS (30 μg/mouse), Bm-wadC LPS (20 μg/mouse) or E. coli LPS (10 μg/mouse). 12 h later, mice were sacrificed, single-splenocyte suspensions were prepared and expression levels (MFI, Mean of Fluorescence Intensity) of costimulatory molecules (CD86 and CD40) on total splenic CD11c+ cells were determined by flow cytometry. Data obtained from 3 experiments, each with n = 3 animals per condition, are shown. All error bars are standard deviations obtained from pooled data. Statistical analysis was performed with the non-parametric one-way ANOVA test, followed by variance analysis with the Mann-Withney U test. Significant differences from TLR4+/+ injected mice are presented; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001.