Table 2.
Outcomes reported, SLE diagnostic criteria, lupus nephritis diagnostic criteria, disease activity rates, and flare definition upon study enrollment in the studies included for analysis
| Study | Maternal outcomes | Fetal outcomes | SLE diagnostic criteria | LN diagnosis criteria | Disease activity | Flare |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carmona et al21 | Spontaneous abortion, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, cesarean section, flare, renal flare, aPL positive, active disease at conception | Fetal loss, stillbirth, premature birth, live birth | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 |
| Cavallasca et al49 | Spontaneous abortion, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia | Stillbirth, premature birth, full-term birth, LBW | 2 | NA | 1 | 1 |
| Whitelaw et al50 | Spontaneous abortion | Premature birth, full-term birth, IUGR, live birth | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
| Wagner et al22 | Spontaneous abortion, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, cesarean section | Premature birth, full-term birth, SGA, fetal loss, stillbirth, neonatal death, neonatal lupus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Al Arfaj and Khalil51 | Miscarriages | Premature birth, full-term birth, stillbirth, IUGR, live birth | 2 | NA | NA | 1 |
| Gladman et al20 | Spontaneous abortion, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, GDM, medicine, aPL positive, SLE flare | Live birth, stillbirth, LBW, congenital malformation, neonatal lupus | NA | NA | 2, 6 | 2 |
| Bramham et al24 | Preeclampsia, cesarean section, SLE flare, renal flare, aPL positive, APS, medication | Live birth, intrauterine death, SGA, 1-min Apgar <7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Ko et al52 | Miscarriages | Stillbirth, neonatal death, live birth, preterm birth, full-term birth, IUGR | 1 | NA | 3 | 1 |
| Kwok et al26 | Spontaneous abortion, SLE flares, preeclampsia, APS, medications | Stillbirth, fetal loss, SGA, IUGR, preterm birth | 2 | 1 | 3, 5 | 1 |
| Saavedra et al13 | Spontaneous abortion, cesarean section, active SLE at conception, SLE flares, PROM, renal flare, preeclampsia, APS, proteinuria, medication | Stillbirth fetal loss, neonatal death, live birth, LBW, preterm birth | 1, 2 | 1, 3 | 1 | 1 |
| Fatemi et al53 | Abortion, SLE flare, preeclampsia, APS, low C3, C4, medication | Stillbirth, premature birth | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
| Madazli et al54 | IUGR and/or preeclampsia | Fetal loss, premature birth, IUGR and/or preeclampsia | 1 | NA | 1 | 1 |
| Lv et al25 | Gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, flare, renal damage, low C3, low C4, acL and β2GPI positive, proteinuria | Live births, gestational age, SGA, fetal loss, fetal malformation, 1-min Apgar scores | 1 | NA | 7 | 4 |
| Mbuli et al55 | Miscarriage, cesarean section, flare, preeclampsia | Stillbirth, premature birth, full-term birth, live birth | 1 | NA | 1 | 1 |
| Ku et al23 | SLE flare, proteinuria, hypocomplementemia, disease activity, gestational hypertension, proteinuria | Fetal loss, premature birth, IUGR, neonatal lupus, neonatal heart disease, 1-min Apgar scores | 1 | NA | 2 | 1 |
| Teh et al19 | SLE flare, aPL positive, hypertension, preeclampsia, PROM, eclampsia, GDM | Premature birth, IUGR, fetal loss, live births | 1 | 1 | 3, 8 | 1, 3, 5 |
Notes: Diagnostic criteria: 1) ACR 1997 criteria;56 2) ACR 1982 criteria.57 Histological lupus nephritis: 1) The 1995 World Health Organization categorization for lupus nephritis;58 2) the 2004 classification of the International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society;59 3) nephritis was established clinical and biochemically. Activity: 1) Organ involvement and laboratory abnormalities; 2) SLEDAI-2k; 3) SLEDAI; 4) lupus activity criteria count; 5) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Pregnancy Disease Activity Index; 6) Adjusted Mean Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index; 7) LAI-P; 8) PGA. Flare: 1) New signs of active disease by clinical and laboratory variables or change in therapy; 2) SLEDAI-2k; 3) SLEDAI score; 4) change in LAI-P; 5) change in PGA. aPL include lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, and β2-glycoprotein I. APS was defined according to the Sapporo criteria.
Abbreviations: SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; LN, lupus nephritis; aPL, antiphospholipid antibodies; LBW, low birth weight; NA, not available; IUGR, intrauterine growth restriction; SGA, small for gestational age; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; APS, antiphospholipid syndrome; PROM, premature rupture of membranes; β2GPI, β2-glycoprotein; ACR, American College of Rheumatology; SLEDAI-2k, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000; SLEDAI, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index; LAI-P, Lupus Activity Index in Pregnancy; PGA, Physician Global Assessment.