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Progressive degeneration of the cell wall and lysis of S. aureus 132 Δdat Δalr1 Δalr2 in the absence of D-alanine. Images were taken with a transmission electron microscope at different magnifications. As control, micrographs of the wild type strain are shown. Black arrows indicate bacteria with an intact cell envelope; dashed arrows indicate cell disruption with loss of intracellular material, projections of the cell wall and release of intracellular content.
