Table 2. Overview of meta-analyses results for direct effects based on all eligible studies with relevant data.
| Outcome [study references] | Effect size estimate |
Heterogeneity | Study references | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SMD* | 95% CI | I2 | P* | High 25% SMD | Low 25% SMD | |
| CBI vs. passive controls | ||||||
| Symptom intensity post* [16, 65, 67–73, 75, 76, 79–81, 83, 85–87, 90, 92, 93, 96, 101, 103, 104, 107, 108] | -.35 | -.48 - -.22 | 65% | < .01 | [81, 85–87, 92–94] | [65, 67, 71, 72, 83, 101, 108] |
| HRQOL post [65, 68, 70–73, 83–86, 92–94, 96] | -.32 | -.55 - -.10 | 70% | < .01 | [85, 86, 94] | [65, 83, 92] |
| Functional interference post [65, 67–73, 75, 76, 79–82, 84, 87, 88, 90, 92–94, 96, 97, 101, 103–108] | -.35 | -.45 - -.25 | 45% | < .01 | [68, 70, 72, 80, 84, 97, 106] | [65, 76, 92, 101, 103, 105, 108] |
| Catastrophizing post [16, 69–73, 75, 76, 79, 80, 82, 84–86, 88, 90, 93, 94, 96, 101, 104–106, 108] | -.41 | -.50 - -.31 | 28% | .1 | n.a.* | n.a. |
| Depression post [65, 67–73, 76, 79, 80, 82–84, 87, 88, 94, 99, 101, 103, 104, 106–108] | -.18 | -.28 - -.07 | 29% | .1 | n.a. | n.a. |
| Symptom intensity f-u* [76, 82, 96, 104] | -.18 | -.30 - -.05 | 0% | .52 | n.a. | n.a. |
| HRQOL f-u [96] | .13 | -.02 - .28 | / | / | n.a. | n.a. |
| Functional interference f-u [76, 82, 96, 104] | -.18 | -.30 - -.06 | 0% | .62 | n.a. | n.a. |
| Catastrophizing f-u [76, 82, 96, 104] | -.32 | -.47 - -.17 | 19% | .30 | n.a. | n.a. |
| Depression f-u [76, 82, 104, 109] | -.29 | -.48 - -.10 | 0% | .59 | n.a. | n.a. |
| CBI vs active controls | ||||||
| Symptom intensity post [9, 66, 78, 79, 83, 89, 91, 95, 98, 100, 104] | -.16 | -.35 - .02 | 56% | .01 | [9, 104] | [91, 100] |
| HRQOL post [9, 78, 83, 84, 95, 98] | -.17 | -.48 - .14 | 74% | < .01 | [9] | [83] |
| Functional interference post [9, 66, 79, 84, 88, 89, 91, 98, 104, 105] | -.15 | -.27 - -.03 | 0% | .7 | n.a. | n.a. |
| Catastrophizing post [9, 66, 78, 79, 84, 88, 91, 95, 104, 105] | -.26 | -.41 - -.10 | 21% | .25 | n.a. | n.a. |
| Depression post [66, 84, 88, 89, 91, 95, 104, 105] | -.14 | -.37 - .09 | 47% | .07 | n.a. | n.a. |
| Symptom intensity f-u [88, 91, 95, 98, 104] | -.15 | -.40 - .10 | 60% | .04 | [95] | [98] |
| HRQOL f-u [84, 95, 98] | -.04 | -.37 - .30 | 66% | .05 | n.a. | n.a. |
| Functional interference f-u [84, 88, 91, 98, 104, 105] | -.20 | -.44 - .05 | 56% | .05 | [105] | [84] |
| Catastrophizing f-u [84, 88, 91, 95, 105] | -.27 | -.56 - .02 | 53% | .08 | n.a. | n.a. |
| Depression f-u [84, 88, 91, 95, 104, 105] | -.31 | -.78 - .16 | 85% | < .01 | [105] | [84] |
*SMD = Standardized Mean Difference
CI = Confidence interval; P = P-value for Chi2 test of Tau2 (heterogeneity); post = outcome measurement shortly after treatment; HRQOL = Health-related Quality Of Life; n.a. = not applicable, because the degree of heterogeneity was statistically insignificant or unimportant, or because fewer than 4 studies reported outcome information in this category; f-u = measured at follow-up