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Oscillatory mixing evaluation. (a) σ/ of the solution in the chip vs. time during oscillation (Ppush = 0.03 MPa, f = 1 Hz, L = 3 cm). (b) Mixing time with capillary lengths from 1 cm to 4 cm (Ppush=0.03 MPa, f = 1 Hz). (c) Experimental fluorescence images captured at 1 s, 4 s, 16 s, and 24 s during the oscillatory mixing process (Ppush = 0.03 MPa, f = 1 Hz, L = 3 cm).
