Figure 1.

Unity/diversity model of EFs, with parameter estimates for the current sample (reproduced with permission from Friedman & Miyake, 2017). A Common EF factor accounts for shared variation across all nine tasks (including response inhibition, working memory updating, and set shifting tasks), and orthogonal Updating-Specific and Shifting-Specific factors account for remaining covariances among the updating and shifting tasks, respectively. There is no inhibiting-specific factor because the Common EF factor accounts for all the covariances among the inhibiting tasks. Letter = letter memory; S2back = spatial 2-back; Number = number–Letter; Color = Color–shape; Category = category switch.