Figure 3.

Specification of the P factor model for teacher ratings. Scores for all time points (ellipses indicate additional time points not shown for clarity) were regressed on the P factor, with loadings constrained to be equal across sex. Internalizing (Int) and externalizing (Ext) growth factors were specified following invariance testing reported in the Method section. Because the P factor accounts for cross-trait covariances, the Intercept–Intercept, Slope–Slope, and cross-trait Intercept–Slope correlations were fixed to zero; however, the negative within-trait Intercept–Slope correlations were estimated. Residual variances for each indicator and residual correlations were also estimated but are not shown.