Table 1.
Summary characteristics of longitudinal studies included in analysis
| Authors | Country | Data source (pop.) | Study sample | Criteria | Years | SMR (all-cause) | % Annual change in SMR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tsuang et al. 197729 | US | Citywide hospital cohort (27,000) | 200 patients with schizophrenia | Admission at a psychiatric hospital from 1935–1944. | 1935–44 1945–54 1955–64 1965–75 |
3.9 2.3 1.4 1.6 |
−4.2 −3.7 +1.0 |
| Saugstad et al. 19855 | Norway | Nationwide patient registry (3.7 million) | 9,616 inpatients with schizophrenia in psychiatric hospitals | All deaths during inpatient hospitalization between 1950 and 1974. Non-organic (functional) psychosis (ICD-8 295–298) | 1950–62 1963–74 |
2.2 1.9 |
−0.9 |
| Giel et al. 197810 & Brook et al. 19851 | Netherlands | Nationwide patient registry (8.3 million) | 8,142 and 5,226 long-stay hospitalized patients with schizophrenia | 20+ years of age. Long-stay psychiatric inpatients (hospitalized for ≥2 year continuously.) | 1970–71 1980–81 |
1.3 1.6 |
+2.6 |
| Osby et al. 200022 | Sweden | Countywide patient registry (1.8 million) | 5,802 patients with schizophrenia | First received psychiatric services for schizophrenia between 1976 and 1995. | 1976–80 1981–85 1986–90 1991–95 |
2.3 2.7 3.5 5.6 |
+3.1 +6.8 +11.7 |
| Lesage et al. 199021 | Italy | Citywide patient registry (75,000) | 129 patients with schizophrenia | Adults. Received psychiatric services in 1979 and 1982. Schizophrenia or paranoid states (ICD-9) | 1979 1982 |
4.9 5.2 |
+2.0 |
| Høye et al. 201111 | Norway | Countywide hospital registry (224,000) | 1,111 patients with schizophrenia | Admitted to psychiatric hospitals between 1980 and 2006. Schizophrenia (ICD-9: 295 and ICD-10: F20, F21, F25) | 1980–88 1989–97 1998–2006 |
2.4 3.4 3.3 |
+4.5 −0.3 |
| Brown et al. 20104 | UK | Citywide patient registry (2.2 million) | 363 community-dwelling individuals with schizophrenia. | 15+ years of age. Received psychiatric services. Schizophrenia (ICD-9 and ICD-10). Same cohort was followed throughout study. | 1981–86 1986–91 1991–96 1996–01 2001–06 |
3.8 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 |
−6.0 +0.1 +1.1 +0.9 |
| Hoang et al. 20119 | UK (England) | Nationwide patient registry (53 million) | 207,507 individuals with schizophrenia | <75 years old. Discharged from psychiatric hospital between 1999 and 2006. Schizophrenia (ICD-10: F20–F29) | 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 |
1.6 1.9 1.7 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.2 |
+18.8 −10.5 +5.9 +22.2 −4.5 +6.5 −4.3 |
SMR = Standardized Mortality Ratio.