Table 2.
End-of therapy and long-term follow-up outcomes (n=158) compared to population norms.
| Ability | Test | Mean (SD) | Pa | Impaired N (%) | Impaired 95% CI (%) | Pb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| End of Therapy | ||||||
| Sustained Attention | ||||||
| Omissions | CPT-II Omissions | −1.20 (0.88) | <0.0001 | 51 (48.6) | 38.7 – 58.5 | <0.0001 |
| Commissions | CPT-II Commissions | −0.15 (1.02) | 0.19 | 11 (10.5) | 5.3 – 18.0 | 0.44 |
| Variability | CPT-II Variability of Standard Error | −0.84 (1.34) | <0.0001 | 41 (39.0) | 29.7 – 49.1 | <0.0001 |
| Detectability | CPT-II d prime | −0.98 (1.15) | <0.0001 | 40 (38.1) | 28.8 – 48.1 | <0.0001 |
| Risk Taking | CPT-II Beta | −2.09 (2.02) | <0.0001 | 56 (53.3) | 43.3 – 63.1 | <0.0001 |
| Parent-reported Behavior | ||||||
| Conduct | CPRS Oppositional | −0.00 (1.07) | 0.97 | 17 (11.6) | 6.9 – 18.0 | 0.28 |
| Inattention | CPRS Cognitive- Problems/Inattention | 0.27 (1.36) | 0.025 | 29 (19.9) | 13.7 – 27.3 | 0.00007 |
| Somatic | CPRS Psychosomatic | 1.76 (1.90) | <0.0001 | 74 (50.7) | 42.3 – 59.0 | <0.0001 |
| Hyperactivity/Impulsivity | CPRS Hyperactivity/Impulsivity | 0.03 (1.07) | 0.77 | 23 (15.8) | 10.3 – 22.7 | 0.015 |
| Anxiety | CPRS Anxious-Shy | 0.24 (0.94) | 0.005 | 22 (15.1) | 9.7 – 21.9 | 0.025 |
| Long-term Follow-up | ||||||
| Executive Function | ||||||
| Abstraction | DKEFS Abstraction, 20 questions | −0.22 (0.95) | 0.015 | 26 (16.8) | 11.3 – 23.6 | 0.0083 |
| Planning | DKEFS Tower | −0.02 (0.95) | 0.84 | 19 (12.3) | 7.5 – 18.5 | 0.21 |
| Inhibitory control | DKEFS Color-Word Interference Test | −0.14 (1.01) | 0.17 | 24 (15.7) | 10.3 – 22.4 | 0.027 |
| Cognitive flexibility | DKEFS Number letter Switching | −0.45 (1.15) | 0.00001 | 38 (24.2) | 17.7 – 31.7 | <0.0001 |
| Letter fluency | DKEFS Letter fluency | −0.35 (1.00) | 0.00013 | 32 (20.5) | 14.5 – 27.7 | 0.00003 |
| Category fluency | DKEFS Category fluency | 0.07 (1.07) | 0.48 | 21 (13.5) | 8.5 – 19.8 | 0.117 |
| Organization | Rey Complex Figure Copy | −2.19 (2.34) | <0.0001 | 83 (53.5) | 45.4 – 61.6 | <0.0001 |
| Verbal working memory | WS Digit Span Backward | −0.14 (0.99) | 0.16 | 20 (12.8) | 8.0 – 19.1 | 0.167 |
| Spatial working memory | WS Spatial Span Forward | 0.08 (0.91) | 0.40 | 17 (10.9) | 6.5 – 16.9 | 0.37 |
| Spatial construction | WASI Block Design | −0.18 (1.00) | 0.06 | 24 (15.4) | 10.1 – 22.0 | 0.028 |
| Attention | ||||||
| Verbal span | WS Digit Span Forward | −0.31 (0.98) | 0.0005 | 29 (18.6) | 12.8 – 25.6 | 0.00078 |
| Spatial span | WS Spatial Span Forward | −0.13 (0.94) | 0.19 | 23 (14.6) | 9.5 – 21.2 | 0.048 |
| Omissions | CPT II Omissions | −0.27 (1.61) | 0.09 | 23 (15.0) | 9.8 – 21.7 | 0.038 |
| Commissions | CPT II Commissions | −0.16 (1.22) | 0.19 | 19 (12.4) | 7.6 – 18.7 | 0.20 |
| Variability | CPT II Variability of Standard Error | −0.08 (1.23) | 0.53 | 23 (15.0) | 9.8 – 21.7 | 0.038 |
| Detectability | CPT II d prime | −0.13 (1.22) | 0.30 | 17 (11.1) | 6.6 – 17.2 | 0.36 |
| Risk Taking | CPT II Beta | −0.08 (0.97) | 0.40 | 12 (7.8) | 4.1 – 13.3 | NA |
| Processing speed | ||||||
| Word reading | DKEFS Word reading | −0.09 (0.92) | 0.35 | 16 (10.4) | 6.1 – 16.3 | 0.44 |
| Color naming | DKEFS Color naming | −0.11 (0.91) | 0.19 | 22 (14.3) | 9.2 – 20.8 | 0.06434 |
| Number sequencing | DKEFS Number Sequencing | −0.15 (0.99) | 0.14 | 25 (15.9) | 10.6 – 22.6 | 0.02004 |
| Letter sequencing | DKEFS Letter sequencing | −0.25 (1.06) | 0.015 | 27 (17.2) | 11.6 – 24.0 | 0.0051 |
| Motor speed | Grooved Pegboard Dominant Hand | −1.31 (1.59) | <0.0001 | 67 (42.9) | 35.1 – 51.1 | <0.0001 |
| Visual-motor speed | WS Digit Symbol | −0.33 (0.96) | 0.00013 | 24 (15.4) | 10.1 – 22.0 | 0.028 |
| Visual speed | WS Symbol Search | 0.06 (0.98) | 0.565994 | 18 (11.5) | 6.9 – 17.5 | 0.3041 |
Pa p-value based on t-test with correction for false discovery rate.
Pb p-value based on binomial test with correction for false discovery rate.
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; CPT II, Conners’ Continuous Performance Test II; CPRS, Conners’ Parent Rating Scale; DKEFS, Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System; WS, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children/Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; WASI, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence