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. 2018 May 16;8:7614. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25910-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of exogenous eBL on nodulation and the expression of nodulation-related genes. (a–c) Effects of exogenous eBL on soybean nodulation. Nine-day-old soybean seedlings were simultaneously treated with the indicated doses of eBL and B. japonicum USDA110 for 4 days; nodule number and size were then evaluated at 14 DAI. (a) The root system and nodulation phenotypes of the soybean seedlings (bars = 5 mm). (b) The average nodule number per treated plant. (c) A quantitative analysis of nodules of different sizes. (d) Results of the qRT-PCR analysis of ENOD40-1, GmNSP1, GmNSP2, GmNIN, and pre-miR172c expression in roots treated with 0.5 μM eBL (n = 12). The transcript amounts in each sample were normalized to those of GmELF1b. The expression levels shown are the means ± SDs from three replicates. Asterisks represent statistically significant differences compared to the control (Student’s t-test; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001).