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. 2018 May 16;8:7691. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25800-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Functional analysis of gene expression. (a) Semantic similarity-based scatter plots of enriched gene ontology terms with significantly altered genes, (b) heatmap of vasculogenesis-associated genes, (c) expression ratios of NOTCH4 and TGFBR3, and (d) principal component analysis of vasculogenesis-associated genes. (a) The downregulated genes were enriched for vasculogenesis (p = 1.27E⁻⁴). The more reddish color is the higher expression of a certain gene set. (b) Of the vasculogenesis-associated genes, NTOCH4 and TGFBR3 expression was significantly downregulated in adenocarcinoma tissue versus normal tissue (adjusted p < 0.001 for NOTCH4 and adjusted p < 0.001 for TGFBR3). (c) Notable downregulation of NOTCH4 and TGFBR3 was detected in GGN1. (d) Principal component analysis of vasculogenesis-associated genes showed that only GGN1 was an outlier. GGN, ground-glass nodule; NOTCH4, neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 4; TGFBR3, transforming growth factor beta receptor 3.