Table 1.
Unadjusted demographics for new-onset sleep medication users, chronic sleep medication users and non-users
| Overall, %/mean | New users, %/mean | Chronic users, %/mean | Control group (non-users), %/mean | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 263,402 | 10,017 | 32,986 | 220,399 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 38.8 | 36.4 | 32.9 | 39.8 |
| Female | 61.2 | 63.6 | 67.1 | 60.2 |
| Age | ||||
| 65–69 | 21.8 | 21.7 | 24.9 | 21.3 |
| 70–79 | 49.5 | 48.3 | 49.7 | 49.6 |
| ≥ 80 | 28.7 | 30.1 | 25.4 | 29.1 |
| Minority (from zip codes) | ||||
| Low | 49.2 | 47.4 | 47.6 | 49.6 |
| Medium | 45.7 | 48.0 | 48.2 | 45.2 |
| High | 3.2 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 3.3 |
| Income (from zip codes) | ||||
| Low | 14.4 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 14.7 |
| Medium | 34.3 | 33.5 | 32.7 | 34.5 |
| High | 50.6 | 52.7 | 53.6 | 50.1 |
| Region | ||||
| Midwest | 15.7 | 13.2 | 12.5 | 16.3 |
| Northeast | 24.3 | 20.8 | 20.7 | 25.0 |
| South | 39.2 | 42.1 | 42.8 | 38.5 |
| West | 20.2 | 23.5 | 23.6 | 19.6 |
| Plan type | ||||
| High coverage | 78.7 | 80.1 | 80.9 | 78.3 |
| Medium coverage | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.9 |
| Other | 18.5 | 17.5 | 16.7 | 18.8 |
| Healthcare supply | ||||
| Acute care hospital beds per 100,000 | 229.4 | 226.6 | 225.8 | 230.1 |
| EBM conditions | ||||
| COPD | 10.9 | 14.5 | 13.9 | 10.3 |
| Depression | 6.0 | 11.8 | 13.3 | 4.6 |
| Diabetes | 23.6 | 23.5 | 21.6 | 23.9 |
| Heart problems | 31.4 | 36.7 | 32.2 | 31.1 |
| Osteoporosis | 7.8 | 8.7 | 9.4 | 7.5 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 2.4 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 2.2 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Condition | ||||
| Dementia | 4.2 | 9.2 | 4.7 | 4.0 |
| Sleep medications (top 6) | ||||
| Eszopiclone | 5.3 | 3.9 | 5.7 | 0.0 |
| Suvorexant | 1.2 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 0.0 |
| Temazepam | 14.6 | 15.7 | 14.3 | 0.0 |
| Trazodone | 35.9 | 39.9 | 34.6 | 0.0 |
| Zaleplon | 2.0 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 0.0 |
| Zolpidem | 52.3 | 42.4 | 55.3 | 0.0 |
| Sleep disorders | 8.8 | 36.5 | 30.8 | 4.2 |
| Injurious fall/hip fracture | 5.2 | 10.1 | 6.6 | 4.8 |
| Pain medications | ||||
| NSAIDs | 18.2 | 24.0 | 25.0 | 16.9 |
| Muscle relaxants | 8.5 | 13.6 | 14.9 | 7.3 |
| Opioids | 33.4 | 50.1 | 50.8 | 30.0 |
| Inappropriate sleep medications | 48.0 | 61.0 | N/A | |
| Healthcare utilization | ||||
| Inpatient admission | 15.1 | 31.6 | 19.0 | 13.8 |
| Emergency room visits | 29.7 | 43.9 | 35.1 | 28.3 |
| Healthcare expenditures (US$) | ||||
| Medical | $12,744 | $23,710 | $16,038 | $11,752 |
| Drug | $2905 | $3678 | $4077 | $2695 |
| Medical and drug | $15,649 | $27,388 | $20,115 | $14,447 |
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, EBM Evidence-Based Medicine, N/A not applicable, NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug