Table 4.

Characteristics associated with conversion of new-onset sleep medication users to chronic sleep medication users

Variable	31–60 days (N = 1469)		61–90 days (N = 1107)		> 90 days (N = 2480)
	Odds ratio	P value	Odds ratio	P value	Odds ratio	P value
Age 70–79	0.92	0.25	1.10	0.30	0.91	0.14
Age ≥ 80	1.05	0.57	1.02	0.85	0.95	0.52
Female	1.08	0.27	0.98	0.74	0.96	0.50
Low income	0.83	0.07	0.90	0.34	0.97	0.72
Medium income	1.01	0.85	1.13	0.12	1.07	0.28
Low minority	1.01	0.95	0.72	0.03	1.20	0.17
Medium minority	1.06	0.70	0.66	0.005	1.08	0.57
Midwest	1.02	0.81	0.97	0.77	0.91	0.22
Northeast	0.94	0.44	0.85	0.10	0.87	0.06
West	0.95	0.50	0.92	0.33	0.85	0.02
Acute hospital beds	1.00	0.29	1.00	0.28	1.00	0.36
Plan type: high	0.90	0.16	1.03	0.78	0.88	0.05
Plan type: medium	0.85	0.43	0.90	0.66	0.84	0.33
COPD	1.11	0.23	1.05	0.60	1.22	0.005
Dementia	1.40	0.003	1.62	< 0.0001	2.12	< 0.0001
Depression	1.25	0.02	1.23	0.04	1.39	< 0.0001
Diabetes	0.95	0.50	1.13	0.12	1.12	0.06
Heart problems	0.99	0.87	0.87	0.07	0.98	0.64
Osteoporosis	0.82	0.09	1.12	0.31	0.93	0.43
Rheumatoid arthritis	1.18	0.35	1.10	0.63	1.09	0.57
Sleep disorders	1.32	< 0.0001	1.42	< 0.0001	1.80	< 0.0001
Opioid use	1.08	0.21	1.01	0.88	1.24	< 0.0001
Inappropriate sleep medication	0.98	0.72	0.75	< 0.0001	0.66	< 0.0001

Less than 30 days use N = 4981

Reference categories were defined as follows: age 65–69; male; high income; high minority; South; no acute hospital beds; plan type: low; no COPD; no dementia; no depression; no diabetes; no heart problems; no osteoporosis; no rheumatoid arthritis; no sleep disorders; no opioid use; and no inappropriate sleep medication

COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease