Table 1.

Total potential value measurements of vaccines [13].

Perspective		Benefit categories	Definition	Individual	Household	Community	Employer	Insurer	MoH	Government
Broad & Narrow		Health care cost savings	Savings of medical expenditures because vaccination prevents illness episodes					x	x
		Care-related productivity gains	Savings of patients’ and caretaker’s productive time because vaccination avoids the need for care and convalescence	x	x		x
Broad		Outcome-related productivity gains	Increased productivity because vaccination improves physical and/or mental health	x
		Behaviour-related productivity gains	Vaccination improves health and survival, and may thereby change individual behaviour, for example by lowering fertility or increasing investment in education	x	x					x
		Health care externalities	Vaccination improves the quality delivery of health care during disease peak periods among those treated for other reasons						x
		Community health externalities	Improved outcomes in unvaccinated community members, e.g., through herd effects or reduction in the rate at which resistance to antibiotics develops	x	x	x			x
		Community economic externalities	Higher vaccination rates can affect macroeconomic performance and social and political stability; avoid poverty traps		x	x				x
		Risk reduction gains	Gains in welfare because uncertainty in future outcomes is reduced	x	x	x
		Health gains	Utilitarian value of reductions in morbidity and mortality above and beyond their instrumental value for productivity and earnings	x	x				x

MoH, Ministry of Health