Table 2.

Data sources and measures.

Variable	Measure	Source
Child mortality	Number of new-born babies per 1000 live births who died before age 5	UN Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, 2017
Trade liberalization	A binary indicator of whether a country meets at least one of the following conditions (1 if yes, 0 otherwise): i)average tariffs exceed 40%, ii)nontariff barriers cover more than 40% of its imports, iii)it has a socialist economic system, iv)the black market premium on the exchange rate exceeds 20%, v)many of its exports are controlled by a state monopoly	Wacziarg and Welch, 2008
Economic development	Real gross domestic product per capita, in 2002 US dollars, adjusted for inflation and differences in purchasing power	IMF World Economic Outlook, various years
Democracy	A binary indicator of whether a country is has a score on the Polity2 Index (a measure of democratization that ranges from −10 to 10) of greater than 0 (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)	Polity IV database, Marshall and Jaggers, 2002
Urbanization	The total population living in urban dwellings a proportion of the overall population, as a percentage	World Bank World Development Indicators, 2016
Female education	The proportion of females who have completed the last year of primary school or higher, as a percentage	Barro and Lee, 2017
Population growth	The rate of growth of midyear population from the same date in the previous year, expressed, as a percentage	World Bank World Development Indicators, 2016
Conflict	A binary indicator of whether a country was involved in a conflict with more than 1000 deaths in the given year (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)	Gleditsch et al., 2002

Notes: See Bibliography for full references.