Table 2.
Antimicrobial activity (in μg/ml) of extracts and isolated compounds from D. senegambiensis and A. monticola against bacterial and yeast strains
| Crude extracts/compounds | Inhibition parameters | S. aureus ATCC25923 | S. aureus MSSA1 | S. aureus MRSA3 | S. aureus MRSA4 | C. albicans ATCC10231 | C. tropicalis PK233 | C. neoformans H99 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DSEtOH | MIC | 128 | 64 | 256 | 128 | 2048 | 1024 | 512 |
| MMC | 256 | 128 | 512 | 256 | 2048 | 2048 | 1024 | |
| MMC/MIC | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | |
| DSEtOAc | MIC | 256 | 128 | 256 | 256 | 2048 | 1024 | 512 |
| MMC | 256 | 256 | 512 | 512 | > 2048 | > 2048 | > 2048 | |
| MMC/MIC | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | nd | nd | nd | |
| DSBuOH | MIC | 256 | 64 | 256 | 128 | 2048 | 1024 | 1024 |
| MMC | 512 | 128 | 512 | 256 | 2048 | > 2048 | > 2048 | |
| MMC/MIC | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | nd | nd | |
| AMEtOH | MIC | 256 | 128 | 256 | 256 | 256 | 128 | 256 |
| MMC | 256 | 128 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 256 | 256 | |
| MMC/MIC | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |
| AMEtOAc | MIC | 512 | 256 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 2048 | 2048 |
| MMC | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 1024 | > 2048 | > 2048 | |
| MMC/MIC | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | nd | nd | |
| 3 | MIC | 256 | 128 | 128 | 128 | 256 | 256 | 128 |
| MMC | > 256 | > 256 | > 256 | > 256 | > 256 | > 256 | > 256 | |
| MMC/MIC | nd | nd | Nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |
| 4 | MIC | > 256 | > 256 | > 256 | > 256 | 256 | 256 | 128 |
| MMC | > 256 | > 256 | > 256 | > 256 | > 256 | > 256 | > 256 | |
| MMC/MIC | nd | nd | Nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |
| 5 | MIC | 64 | 64 | 64 | 128 | 128 | 64 | 128 |
| MMC | 128 | 128 | 128 | 256 | 256 | 128 | 128 | |
| MMC/MIC | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |
| 6 | MIC | 32 | 64 | 64 | 128 | 64 | 64 | 64 |
| MMC | 64 | 64 | 128 | 128 | 64 | 64 | 128 | |
| MMC/MIC | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| 7 | MIC | 32 | 16 | 16 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 |
| MMC | 32 | 16 | 32 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 32 | |
| MMC/MIC | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |
| 8 | MIC | 32 | 32 | 64 | 128 | 128 | 16 | 32 |
| MMC | 64 | 32 | 128 | 256 | > 256 | 16 | 32 | |
| MMC/MIC | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | nd | 1 | 1 | |
| 9 | MIC | 256 | 256 | > 256 | > 256 | > 256 | 256 | 256 |
| MMC | > 256 | > 256 | > 256 | > 256 | nd | > 256 | > 256 | |
| MMC/MIC | nd | nd | Nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |
| 10 | MIC | 8 | 16 | 32 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 16 |
| MMC | 16 | 16 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 16 | |
| MMC/MIC | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 10 + 12 | MIC | 32 | 16 | 32 | 32 | 64 | 64 | 64 |
| MMC | 64 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 128 | 128 | 64 | |
| MMC/MIC | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |
| 3 + 13 | MIC | 128 | 64 | > 256 | 128 | > 256 | > 256 | 128 |
| MMC | 256 | 128 | Nd | 256 | > 256 | > 256 | 256 | |
| MMC/MIC | 2 | 2 | nd | 2 | nd | nd | 2 | |
| Reference drugs* | MIC | 1 | 1 | 16 | 32 | 2 | 0.5 | 1 |
| MMC | 1 | 1 | 16 | 32 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| MMC/MIC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
*: Ciprofloxacin for bacteria and nystatin for fungi; compounds 1–6 and compounds 3, 4, 7–14 were isolated from D. senegambiensis and A. monticola respectively; compounds 1–2, 11 and 14 were not tested; nd: not determined. MIC: Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations; MMC: Minimum Microbicidal Concentrations; DSEtOH = D. senegambiensis EtOH extract; DSEtOAc = D. senegambiensis EtOAc extract; DSBuOH = D. senegambiensis n-BuOH extract; AMEtOH = A. monticola EtOH extract; AMEtOAc = A. monticola EtOAc extract; 3: ursolic acid; 4: sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside; 5: vitexin; 6: trans-tilliroside; 7: 3,4′-di-O-methylellagic acid; 8: dimethyl 4,4′,5,5′,6,6′-hexahydroxybiphenyl-2,2′-dicarboxylate; 9: lupeol; 10: ellagic acid; 12: 3-O-methylellagic acid 4′-O-β-D-xylopyranoside; 13: oleanolic acid