Supplementary Table 2.
Supplementary functions: alveolar fluid balance, host defence, coagulation-fibrinolysis, cytokines, growth factors, cell–cell interaction, extracellular matrix formation
| Function/Product | Related to | Reference |
| Fluid and electrolyte balance | ||
| Water channels | ||
| Aquaporin 1 | [218] | |
| Aquaporin 5 | [219] | |
| Hg-insensitive channel (MIWC) | [220] | |
| Hg-sensitive channel (CHIP28) | [221] | |
| Ion channels | ||
| H+-channel | [222] | |
| Na+-channel | [223] | |
| Cl--channel | [224] | |
| Ion pumps | ||
| H+-pump | pH of hypophase fluid | [30] |
| Cl-/HCO3-anion exchanger | In vitro | [225] |
| Na+/H+-ion exchanger | [226] | |
| Na+/K+-atpase | Membrane potential | [223,227,228] |
| Others | ||
| Protein clearance | [229] | |
| Carbanhydrase II | [230] | |
| Components of innate defence | ||
| Surfactant components | ||
| SP-A | [32,33] | |
| SP-D | [34,190] | |
| Lysozyme | [35,191] | |
| Antigen presentation | ||
| MHC class II | Human (adult, foetal) | [231,232] |
| IFN-stimulation | [171] | |
| HLA class I | IFN-stimulation | [233] |
| Fc-receptor | Cell line A549, not present in vivo | [234] |
| CD80, CD86 | [234] | |
| Complement complex | ||
| C2, C3, C4, C5 | [235] | |
| Antiproteases | ||
| α1-antitrypsin | [236,237] | |
| Elafin | Cell line A549 | [238] |
| Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) | [239] | |
| MMP-inhibitors (TIMP) | [239] | |
| Oxidants | ||
| NAD(P)H-oxidase | [240] | |
| Superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide | [240] | |
| Antioxidants | ||
| Glutathione | [241] | |
| γ-glutamyl transferase | [242] | |
| Plasmalogens | Protection of surfactant | [192] |
| Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD) | In vitro | [243] |
| Mn-, Cu-, Zi-SOD | In vitro | [244] |
| Metabolism of Xenobiotics | ||
| Cytochrome P-450 mono-oxygenase | [245] | |
| Coagulation/fibrinolysis | ||
| Fibrinogen | [246] | |
| Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) | [247] | |
| UPA receptor | IL-1β stimulation | [248] |
| Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PA-I) | [247,249] | |
| Tissue factor | In bleomycin-induced injury | [249,250] |
| Cytokines/receptors | [251] | |
| Cytokines | ||
| GM-CSF | In vitro | [165] |
| IL-1β | Upon interaction with particles | [252] |
| IL-4 | Human, interstitial lung disease | [253] |
| IL-6 | Upon interaction with particles | [252] |
| IL-8 | IL-1, TNF-α stimulation | [254,255,256] |
| IL-11 | In vitro | [257] |
| Interferon-γ | Human, interstitial lung disease | [253] |
| MCP-1 | In vitro | [258] |
| RANTES | After TNF-α stimulation | [173] |
| Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α | Hyperplastic type II cells | [259,260] |
| Cytokine receptors | ||
| IL-2-receptor | In vitro | [261] |
| TNF-receptor | In vitro | [262] |
| Lymphotoxin-β-receptor | Hyperplastic type II cells | [263] |
| Growth factors/receptors | ||
| Growth factors | ||
| Epidermal growth factor (EGF) | In vitro | [264] |
| IGF-II | [214] | |
| Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) | Idiopathic lung fibrosis | [182] |
| TGF-α | [265] | |
| TGF-β | Hyperplastic type II cells | [266] |
| TGF-β1 | Hyperplastic type II cells | [267] |
| TGF-β3 | Normal type II cells | [268] |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | [269] | |
| Growth factor receptors | ||
| Basic fibroblast growth factor-receptor | [270] | |
| EGF-receptor | [271] | |
| Hepatocyte growth factor-receptor | [162] | |
| KGF-receptor | During ontogenesis | [272,273] |
| IGF-receptor-1 | Early postnatal phase | [274] |
| IGF-receptor-2 | [214] | |
| Components of cell–cell interaction | ||
| Gap junction proteins | ||
| Connexin 43 | Electric, ionic coupling | [142] |
| Adhesion molecules | ||
| CD44s, CD44v | [275] | |
| Ep-Cam | [146] | |
| E-cadherin | [276] | |
| ICAM-1 | After TNF-α stimulation | [173,277] |
| VCAM-1 | After TNF-α stimulation | [173] |
| Integrins | ||
| α6 β1 | In vitro | [278] |
| α3 β1 | In vitro | [278] |
| Paracrine-acting molecules | ||
| Endothelin-1 | Human | [279] |
| Endothelin receptor A | Rat cell line L2 | [159] |
| Prostaglandin E-2 | [280] | |
| Prostacyclin | [280] | |
| Nitrogen oxide (NO) | In vitro | [281,282] |
| Constitutive NO synthase | Human cell line A859 | [283] |
| Inducible NO synthase | In vitro, rat cell line L2 | [281,284] |
| Components of extracellular matrix | ||
| Entactin | Basal membrane, in vitro | [285] |
| Laminin | Basal membrane, in vitro | [278] |
| Fibronectin | In vitro | [286,287] |
| Tenascin | Early organogenesis | [288] |
| Hyperplastic type II cells | [289] | |
| Proteoglycans | In vitro | [290] |
| Collagen type IV | [291,292] |