Table 3.
Multinomial Logistic Regression among Stroke Survivors with Co-occurring Depression in terms of Depression Treatment Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (2002–2012)
| AD Only (N = 268) | AD & Psych (N = 47) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR | 95% CI | Sig | AOR | 95% CI | Sig | |
| Predisposing Factors | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| 65,+ yrs. vs 50–64 yrs | 5.80 | [2.48,13.5] | *** | 1.16 | [0.42,3.18] | |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female vs Men | 0.69 | [0.33,1.42] | 0.53 | [0.21,1.31] | ||
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
| Other vs White | 1.60 | [0.77,3.32] | 1.45 | [0.58,3.61] | ||
| Enabling Factors | ||||||
| Marital Status | ||||||
| Other vs Married | 1.02 | [0.45,2.31] | 1.17 | [0.32,4.27] | ||
| Education | ||||||
| LT HS vs > HS | 0.07 | [0.02,0.27] | *** | 0.08 | [0.02,0.37] | ** |
| HS vs > HS | 0.24 | [0.08,0.75] | * | 0.57 | [0.13,2.53] | |
| Insurance | ||||||
| Public vs others | 0.75 | [0.22,2.54] | 3.54 | [0.65,19.2] | ||
| Poverty Status | ||||||
| Mid Inc./High Inc. vs Poor/Near Poor | 1.60 | [0.66,3.87] | 3.90 | [1.19,12.8] | * | |
| Need Factors | ||||||
| Pain | ||||||
| Quite/Extreme vs No pain | 1.09 | [0.32,3.67] | 1.02 | [0.22,4.68] | ||
| Little/Moderate vs No pain | 1.97 | [0.54,7.20] | 1.11 | [0.23,5.33] | ||
| Perceived Physical Health Status | ||||||
| Good vs Ex/vgood | 0.49 | [0.08,2.93] | 0.72 | [0.09,5.82] | ||
| Fair/poor vs Ex/vgood | 0.72 | [0.22,2.41] | 0.19 | [0.06,0.60] | ** | |
| Perceived Mental Health Status | ||||||
| Good vs MH Ex/vgood | 4.55 | [2.26,9.15] | *** | 11.04 | [3.33,36.6] | *** |
| Fair/poor vs MH Ex/vgood | 3.60 | [1.40,9.27] | ** | 19.19 | [5.41,68.1] | *** |
| ADL Disability | ||||||
| Yes vs No | 2.05 | [0.72,5.86] | 0.39 | [0.11,1.34] | ||
| IADL Disability | ||||||
| Yes vs No | 1.57 | [0.52,4.78] | 2.20 | [0.64,7.50] | ||
| Functional Disability | ||||||
| Yes vs No | 0.19 | [0.04,0.83] | * | 0.31 | [0.06,1.65] | |
| Activities Disability | ||||||
| Yes vs No | 3.63 | [0.89,14.8] | 3.73 | [0.71,19.6] | ||
| Chronic Disease Groups | ||||||
| One vs None | 0.54 | [0.17,1.69] | 1.55 | [0.41,5.86] | ||
| Two vs None | 0.91 | [0.27,3.06] | 1.33 | [0.36,4.89] | ||
| Three or more vs None | 0.19 | [0.07,0.48] | *** | 0.62 | [0.06,5.92] | |
| CVD | ||||||
| Yes vs No | 0.02 | [0.00,1.34] | 0.08 | [0.00,4.72] | ||
| Anxiety | ||||||
| Yes vs No | 0.79 | [0.31,1.99] | 1.09 | [0.40,2.93] | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | ||||||
| Yes vs No | 1.35 | [0.69,2.66] | 2.73 | [0.94,7.96] | ||
| Personal Health Practices Factors | ||||||
| BMI Status | ||||||
| Overwt/Obese vs Und/normal | 5.18 | [1.93,13.8] | ** | 9.35 | [2.98,29.3] | *** |
| Smoking Status | ||||||
| Curr smoker vs Other | 6.40 | [1.51,27.0] | * | 6.04 | [1.42,25.6] | * |
| External Environmental Factors | ||||||
| Metropolitan Status | ||||||
| Non-Metropolitan vs Metropolitan | 1.53 | [0.67,3.46] | 3.42 | [1.13,10.2] | * | |
| Region | ||||||
| Mid-west vs Northeast | 4.05 | [1.28,12.7] | * | 0.64 | [0.17,2.40] | |
| South vs Northeast | 0.83 | [0.30,2.27] | 0.20 | [0.06,0.63] | ** | |
| West vs Northeast | 0.53 | [0.12,2.37] | 0.36 | [0.05,2.51] | ||
Based on 370 older adults (age ≥ 50 years) with self-reported stroke and depression who were alive during the calendar year (2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2012)
Abbreviations -No Dep Tx No Depression Treatment, AD only Antidepressants only, AD & Psych Antidepressants with Psychotherapy, LT HS Less than High School, HS High School, Wt% Weighted percentage, Sig Significant difference, Ex/vgood Excellent or Very Good, ADL Activity of Daily Living, IADL Instrumental Activity of Daily Living, Und/normal Underweight or Normal, Overwt/Obese Overweight or Obese, BMI Body Mass Index, AOR Adjusted odds ratio, Mid Inc./High Inc. Middle Income or High Income
Asterisks represent statistical significance group differences by type of treatment compared to the reference group based on multinomial logistic regression. The reference group for the dependent variable in the multinomial logistic regression was “No Depression Treatment” (N = 55)
***p < 0.001; ** 0.001 ≤ p < 0.01; *0.01 ≤ p < 0.05