Table 3.
Factors associated with social participation among elders from multi-level proportional odds regression analyses: unadjusted (OR) and adjusted (AOR) odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and probability values (p-values) (n = 1028)
| Factors | Proportional Odds | Unconstrained Effects | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | AOR (95% CI) | p-value | Low participation | Medium Participation | High Participation | ||||
| AOR (95% CI) | p-value | AOR (95% CI) | p-value | AOR (95% CI) | p-value | |||||
| Gender (Male) | 1.40(0.95,2.06) | 0.090 | 2.17(1.43, 3.29) | < 0.001 | 4.45(2.71, 7.32) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Community Type | ||||||||||
| Plantation | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Village | 18.9 (12.5, 28.5) | < 0.001 | 7.5 (3.6,15.5) | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Mixed Community | 1.12 (0.68, 1.86) | 0.646 | 1.86 (0.86, 4.06) | 0.116 | ||||||
| Age | ||||||||||
| 60–69 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 70–79 years | 0.85 (0.61, 1.18) | 0.328 | 0.78 (0.55, 1.12) | 0.182 | ||||||
| 80 or more | 0.38(0.21, 0.69) | 0.001 | 0.44 (0.22, 0.86) | 0.017 | ||||||
| Ethnicity (Sinhala) | 5.55 (3.23, 9.57) | < 0.001 | 3.95 (2.18, 7.18) | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Marital status (married) | 2.31 (1.69, 3.16) | < 0.001 | 1.49 (1.03, 2.16) | 0.033 | ||||||
| Household Composition | ||||||||||
| Lives alone | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Couple living together | 1.54 (1.04, 2.29) | 0.033 | 0.85 (0.41, 1.74) | 0.653 | ||||||
| 1–3 other membersa | 1.06 (0.79, 1.44) | 0.688 | 0.83 (0.43, 1.57) | 0.561 | ||||||
| 5 or more members | 0.80 (0.59, 1.07) | 0.132 | 0.73 (0.38, 1.38) | 0.328 | ||||||
| Years of Schooling | ||||||||||
| No formal schooling | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 1–5 | 0.85 (0.63, 1.14) | 0.266 | 0.97 (0.64, 1.47) | 0.891 | ||||||
| 6–12 | 1.86 (1.36, 2.55) | < 0.001 | 1.02 (0.65, 1.61) | 0.930 | ||||||
| Engagement in paid work | 2.40 (1.76, 3.28) | < 0.001 | 1.57 (1.11, 2.21) | 0.010 | ||||||
| Requiring help with ADL/sb | 0.46 (0.31,0.74) | 0.001 | 0.74 (0.46, 1.22) | 0.240 | ||||||
| Concern about falling at social eventsc (quite or very concerned) | 0.83 (0.59, 1.16) | 0.283 | 0.91 (0.61,1.35) | 0.638 | ||||||
| Vision quality, self-reported (poor or blind) | 0.67 (0.50, 0.89) | 0.006 | 0.86 (0.63, 1.17) | 0.333 | ||||||
| Depressiond | 0.71(0.52, 0.98) | 0.035 | 0.85 (0.60, 1.20) | 0.354 | ||||||
| Health Status (High)e | 1.63 (1.23, 2.17) | 0.001 | 1.47 (1.07, 2.02) | 0.017 | ||||||
| Sociability scoref | 1.06(1.00, 1.13) | 0.052 | 1.03 (0.97, 1.10) | 0.354 | ||||||
| Satisfaction with access to family and friends (High) | 1.12 (0.80, 1.56) | 0.526 | 1.08 (0.74, 1.56) | 0.686 | ||||||
Model cut-points - k1 = 4.1 k2 = 5.4, k3 = 7.0
aExcluding couples living together
bBased on the Katz Scale [32]
cBased on the question, “How concerned are you about falling when going out to a social event?”(Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES –I)) [33]
dBased on a cut-off score of ≥3 (GDS7) [34]
eDerived from responses to the question, “How satisfied are you with your health?”(Quality of Life Index (EQLI)) [35]
fCheek and Bass sociability scale [36]