Table 2.
Bronchodilator: long-acting muscarinic antagonists (including combination LAMA/LABA)
| Agent | Device | Dose (µg) | End point | Time point (hours) | Dose shift (doubling concentrations) | Reference (year) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tiotropium | DPI | 10 40 80 |
PC20 | 2 | 5.0 7.1 7.9 |
O’Connor et al20 (1996) |
| Tiotropium | DPI | 18 | PD15 | 1 | 4.1 | Sposato et al12 (2008) |
| Tiotropium | Respimat | 5 | PC20 | 1 24 48 72 96 168 |
4.2 3.1 2.7 2.3 1.9 0.84 |
Blais et al21 (2016) |
| Glycopyrronium | DPI | 50 | PC20 | 1 24 48 72 96 168 |
4.3 1.8 1.9 1.2 1.1 0.52 |
Blais et al21 (2016) |
| Glycopyrronium | DPI | 50 | PC20 | 1 24 48 |
5 2 2 |
Blais et al22 (2017) |
| Racemic glycopyrrolate | DeVilbiss 700 Nebulizer |
500 | PC20 | 2 12 24 30 |
4 2 1 1 |
Hansel et al16 (2005) |
| Racemic glycopyrrolate | DeVilbiss 700 Nebulizer | 1000 | PC20 | 2 12 24 30 |
6 4 3.5 3 |
Hansel et al16 (2005) |
| Racemic glycopyrrolate | DeVilbiss 700 Nebulizer |
2000 | PC20 | 2 12 24 30 |
5 3 3 2 |
Hansel et al16 (2005) |
| LAMA/LABA combination | DPI DPI |
50 75 |
PC20 | 1 24 |
5 2 |
Blais et al22 (2017) |
| Glycopyarronium Indacaterol |
48 | 2 |
Abbreviations: LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonists; LABA, long-acting beta antagonists; DPI, dry powder inhaler; PC20, provocation concentration that results in a 20% fall in the forced expiratory volume in 1 second; PD15, provocation dose that results in a 15% fall in the forced expiratory volume in 1 second.