Table 1. Correlates of DV perpetration among recently-married men living in Pune slum communities (n = 100).
| Potential correlate | No. (%) | Correlation with DV total | Retained in domain model |
|---|---|---|---|
| Domain 1: Socio-demographics | |||
| Age, mean (SD), years† | 25.75 (2.38) | -0.126 | |
| Age of spouse, mean (SD), years† | 20.98 (2.40) | -0.151 | |
| Age gap (spouse-self), mean (SD), years† | -4.77 (2.40) | -0.027 | |
| Education | -0.080 | ||
| ≤ Primary (7th standard) | 12 (12) | ||
| Secondary (8th-10th standard) | 43 (43) | ||
| ≥ Higher secondary (≥11th standard) | 45 (45) | ||
| Additional training | 18 (18) | 0.078 | |
| Education of spouse | -0.115 | ||
| ≤ Primary (7th standard) | 14 (14) | ||
| Secondary (8th-10t standard) | 39 (39) | ||
| ≥ Higher secondary (≥11 standard) | 47 (47) | ||
| Additional training by spouse | 12 (12) | -0.131 | |
| Employment | 93 (93) | -0.067 | |
| Employment of spouse | 8 (8) | -0.054 | |
| Monthly income | -0.116 | ||
| None | 8 (8) | ||
| Rs. 0 <x≤ 8000 | 13 (13) | ||
| Rs. 8000<x≤10,000 | 36 (36) | ||
| > Rs. 10,000 | 43 (43) | ||
| Monthly income of spouse | -0.016 | ||
| None | 91 (91) | ||
| Rs. 0 <x≤ 8000 | 6 (6) | ||
| Rs. 8000 <x≤ 10,000 | 2 (2) | ||
| > Rs. 10,000 | 1 (1) | ||
| Family type pre-marriage: nuclear | 4 (4) | -0.110 | |
| Family type post-marriage: nuclear | 9 (9) | 0.008 | |
| Household members, mean (SD) | 5.72 (2.55) | 0.252* | X |
| Caste, reserved | 67 (67) | 0.032 | |
| Religious affiliation | |||
| Hindu | 72 (72) | -0.122 | |
| Buddhist | 16 (16) | 0.182 | |
| Muslim | 10 (10) | -0.070 | |
| Christian | 2 (2) | 0.028 | |
| Spouse ever pregnant | 54 (54) | 0.012 | |
| Had livebirth(s) | 14 (14) | -0.059 | |
| Had planned abortion(s) | 3 (3) | -0.129 | |
| Had unplanned abortion(s) | 7 (7) | 0.033 | |
| Spouse currently pregnant | 32 (32) | 0.102 | |
| Domain 2: DV conceptualization and acceptance | |||
| Household decision-making: mainly wife† | 0.14 (0.11) | 0.077 | |
| Household decision-making: both† | 0.50 (0.21) | -0.189+ | |
| Situational acceptance of wife-beating† | 0.17 (0.16) | 0.232* | |
| Situational acceptance of wife’s sexual refusal† | 3.48 (0.71) | -0.194+ | X |
| Liberal definition of items constituting DV‡ | 3.47 (0.40) | -0.445*** | X |
| Acknowledgment of DV occurrence in a friend/relative‡ | 0.52 (0.30) | -0.220* | |
| Domain 3: The marital relationship and marital family relationship | |||
| Marital duration, mean (SD), months† | 9.03 (3.52) | -0.062 | |
| Marriage type: arranged | 68 (68) | -0.060 | |
| Marriage within caste | 88 (88) | -0.260 | |
| Marriage within family | 59 (59) | 0.043 | |
| Total face-to-face time with partner alone pre-marriage | -0.137 | ||
| None | 24 (24) | ||
| < 1 month | 46 (46) | ||
| 1–6 months | 8 (8) | ||
| > 6 months | 21 (21) | ||
| Total time in contact with partner pre-marriage | -0.046 | ||
| None | 10 (10) | ||
| < 1 month | 22 (22) | ||
| 1–6 months | 32 (32) | ||
| > 6 months | 33 (33) | ||
| Extent of acquaintance with partner pre-marriage | -0.228* | ||
| Not at all | 12 (12) | ||
| Very little | 13 (13) | ||
| Somewhat | 19 (19) | ||
| Great extent | 53 (53) | ||
| Time spent with partner alone each week post-marriage | -0.202* | X | |
| Never | 5 (5) | ||
| Weekends/holidays only | 4 (4) | ||
| At least 3–4 days/week | 88 (88) | ||
| Greatest time spent working towards dreams of | X | ||
| Spouse | 8 (8) | -0.057 | |
| Self | 19 (19) | 0.211* | |
| Both | 66 (66) | -0.202* | |
| Don’t | 2 (2) | 0.076 | |
| Greatest time spent discussing things of interest to | |||
| Spouse | 16 (16) | 0.184 | |
| Self | 10 (10) | 0.001 | |
| Both | 71 (71) | -0.199* | |
| Great time spent doing things of interest to | |||
| Spouse | 19 (19) | 0.120 | |
| Self | 10 (10) | -0.021 | |
| Both | 68 (68) | -0.136 | |
| Extent of attainment of the “husband ideal” | -0.243* | X | |
| ≤ Very little | 8 (8) | ||
| Somewhat | 30 (30) | ||
| Great extent | 59 (59) | ||
| Extent of spouse’s attainment of the “wife ideal” | -0.216* | X | |
| ≤ Very little | 8 (8) | ||
| Somewhat | 16 (16) | ||
| Great extent | 73 (73) | ||
| Satisfaction with future spouse at time of marriage | 0.058 | ||
| ≤ Somewhat | 12 (12) | ||
| Great extent | 84 (84) | ||
| Satisfaction with maanpaan (wedding-related gifts) at time of marriage | -0.107 | ||
| ≤ Somewhat | 7 (7) | ||
| Great extent | 84 (84) | ||
| Familial satisfaction with maanpaan (wedding-related gifts) at time of marriage | -0.196+ | ||
| ≤ Somewhat | 15 (15) | ||
| Great extent | 77 (77) | ||
| Satisfaction with in-law’s treatment since marriage | -0.130 | ||
| ≤ Very little | 7 (7) | ||
| Somewhat | 14 (14) | ||
| Great extent | 75 (75) | ||
| Parent’s satisfaction with spouse as a daughter-in-law | -0.216* | ||
| ≤ Somewhat | 10 (10) | ||
| Great extent | 86 (86) | ||
| Conflict negotiation skills (CTS2n) ‡ | 3.28 (0.64) | -0.151 | |
| Extent of jealousy if spouse talks to men within family | 0.265** | ||
| Never | 83 (83) | ||
| Rarely | 5 (5) | ||
| ≥Sometimes | 8 (8) | ||
| Extent of jealousy if spouse talks to men outside family | 0.331*** | X | |
| Never | 68 (68) | ||
| Rarely | 10 (10) | ||
| ≥Sometimes | 18 (18) | ||
| Domain 4: Sexual communication and behaviors, and sexual and reproductive health | |||
| Confidence in knowledge about sexual intercourse | -0.070 | ||
| ≤Very Little | 5 (5) | ||
| Somewhat | 32 (32) | ||
| Great extent | 57 (57) | ||
| Capacity to communicate unwillingness to have sex with partner | -0.257* | X | |
| Very little | 4 (4) | ||
| Somewhat | 8 (8) | ||
| Great extent | 84 (84) | ||
| Capacity to communicate willingness to have sex with partner | -0.194+ | ||
| Very little | 3 (3) | ||
| Somewhat | 8 (8) | ||
| Great extent | 85 (85) | ||
| Last sexual intercourse | 0.092 | ||
| Persuaded partner or partner persuaded | 16 (16) | ||
| Mutually willing (baseline group) | 79 (79) | ||
| Forced my partner | 1 (1) | ||
| Prior use of a contraceptive | 29 (29) | -0.050 | |
| Prior discussion of contraceptive use with partner | 46 (46) | -0.064 | |
| Engagement in sexual relations outside of spouse | 21 (21) | 0.170+ | |
| Domain 5: Recent substance abuse and gambling | |||
| Prior 3-month alcohol use | 0.115 | ||
| Never | 59 (59) | ||
| Rarely | 17 (17) | ||
| Sometimes | 13 (13) | ||
| Often | 8 (8) | ||
| Prior 3-month drug use | 3 (3) | 0.342*** | X |
| Prior 3-month betting/gambling | 5 (5) | 0.091 | |
| Domain 6: Stress, resilience, and social support | |||
| Stress due to financial trouble | 63 (63) | -0.035 | |
| Stress due to non-continuous employment | 36 (36) | 0.112 | |
| Average number of scenarios causing stress | 0.22 (0.14) | -0.041 | |
| Perceived stress in past 3 months | 0.016 | ||
| Never | 8 (8) | ||
| Rarely | 22 (22) | ||
| Sometimes | 52 (52) | ||
| Often | 15 (15) | ||
| Resilience‡√ | 3.72 (0.59) | -0.405*** | X |
| Greatest support person if stressed: spouse | 33 (33) | -0.018 | |
| Support spouse if she’s in conflict with family | 0.006 | ||
| ≤ Rarely | 22 (22) | ||
| Sometimes | 37 (37) | ||
| Often | 33 (33) | ||
| Greatest support person(s) if marital conflict | |||
| Parents | 80 (80) | -0.134 | |
| Parents-in-law | 2 (2) | -0.177 | |
| Other | 13 (13) | 0.037 | |
| Perceived support from family if marital conflict | -0.138 | ||
| ≤ Very little | 6 (6) | ||
| Somewhat | 6 (6) | ||
| Great extent | 84 (84) | ||
Column 1 describes the potential correlates that were assessed, Column 2 the distributions of the correlates, Column 3 the correlation for the respective bivariate analysis, and Column 4 indicates whether the correlate was ultimately retained in the respective domain model (which was run using variables significant at the bivariate level, choosing between highly collinear variables within the domain). Significant correlations are noted as follows
+p<0.10
*p≤0.05
**p≤0.01
***p≤0.001.
Where test statistics are not followed by p-values, the correlations were not deemed significant. Variables designated with a † were analyzed as continuous variables, those designated with a “‡” were analyzed as available case means, and the remaining variables were categorical.
√In measuring “resilience,” we used the Connor-Davidson operational definition, “the personal qualities that enable one to thrive in the face of adversity,” and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 10.