Table 1. Socio-economic and baseline characteristics of children enrolled in a pediatric respiratory infection cohort in Thailand.
| Healthy | High-risk | All | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (total = 659) | (total = 490) | (total = 1,149) | ||
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
| Age at enrollment (months) | 0.41 | |||
| 0–11 | 345 (52) | 276 (56) | 621 (54) | |
| 12–23 | 184 (28) | 125 (26) | 309 (27) | |
| 24–35 | 130 (20) | 89 (18) | 219 (19) | |
| Male | 344 (52) | 280 (57) | 624 (54) | 0.1 |
| Ever breastfed at enrollment | 611 (93) | 430 (89) | 1,041 (91) | <0.01 |
| Enrolled child attend daycare or school at enrollment | 82 (13) | 45 (9) | 127 (11) | 0.08 |
| Daycare attendance at enrollment by ageγ | 0.12 | |||
| <6 months | 10 (2) | 11 (2) | 21 (2) | |
| 6–11 months | 17 (3) | 7 (1) | 24 (2) | |
| 12–17 months | 9 (1) | 7 (1) | 16 (1) | |
| 18–23 months | 6 (1) | 6 (1) | 12 (1) | |
| 24–29 months | 18 (3) | 7 (1) | 25 (2) | |
| 30–35 months | 22 (3) | 7 (1) | 29 (2) | |
| Monthly household income in Thai Baht | <0.01 | |||
| 1–9,999 ($292) | 54 (8) | 70 (14) | 124 (11) | |
| 10,000–19,999 ($294-$584) | 180 (27) | 166 (34) | 346 (30) | |
| 20,000–29,999 ($284-$876) | 142 (22) | 101 (21) | 243 (21) | |
| 30,000–39,999 ($876-$1,168) | 108 (16) | 61 (12) | 169 (15) | |
| ≥40,000 (≥$1,169) | 163 (25) | 83 (17) | 236 (21) | |
| Not answered | 12 (2) | 9 (2) | 21 (2) | |
| Primary caregiver’s highest education | <0.01 | |||
| No schooling | 13 (2) | 11 (2) | 24 (2) | |
| Primary school | 102 (15) | 120 (24) | 222 (19) | |
| Secondary school | 257 (39) | 197 (40) | 454 (39) | |
| Vocational school | 108 (16) | 67 (14) | 175 (15) | |
| University | 164 (25) | 86 (18) | 250 (22) | |
| Missing | 15 (2) | 9 (2) | 24 (2) | |
| Distance from home to QSNICH (km)γ | <0.01 | |||
| 0–10 | 354 (55) | 175 (36) | 529 (47) | |
| >10–20 | 186 (28) | 137 (28) | 323 (29) | |
| >20–30 | 78 (12) | 108 (22) | 186 (16) | |
| >30–40 | 23 (3) | 45 (9) | 68 (6) | |
| >40 | 6 (1) | 17 (4) | 23 (2) | |
| Wealth indexγ | 0.08 | |||
| 1st quintile | 121 (19) | 121 (25) | 242 (22) | |
| 2nd quintile | 117 (18) | 91 (19) | 208 (18) | |
| 3rd quintile | 140 (22) | 87 (18) | 227 (20) | |
| 4th quintile | 135 (21) | 93 (19) | 228 (20) | |
| 5th quintile | 133 (21) | 87 (18) | 220 (20) | |
| Rule about smoking inside the houseγ | 0.91 | |||
| Allowed inside the house | 33 (5) | 23 (5) | 56 (5) | |
| Generally not allowed, but there were exceptions | 33 (5) | 27 (6) | 60 (5) | |
| Never allowed inside the house | 581 (90) | 431 (89) | 581 (90) | |
| Coverage of ARI related expense€ | <0.01 | |||
| Out of pocket | 1,485 (81) | 736 (57) | 2,221 (72) | |
| Civil servant scheme | 183 (10) | 72 (6) | 255 (8) | |
| Universal coverage scheme | 30 (2) | 193. (15) | 223 (7) | |
| Borrowed money | 4 (<1) | 1 (<1) | 5 (<1) | |
| Private health insurance | 6 (<1) | 3 (<1) | 9 (<1) | |
| Combined methods | 95 (5) | 73 (6) | 168 (5) | |
| Othersμ | 25 (1) | 202 (16) | 227 (7) | |
| Influenza vaccination status£ | ||||
| Vaccinated in 2010 season | 10 (14) | 7 (14) | 17 (14) | 1 |
| Unvaccinated in 2010 season | 62 (86) | 42 (86) | 104 (86) | |
| Vaccinated in 2011 season | 51 (25) | 47 (36) | 98 (29) | 0.03 |
| Unvaccinated in 2011 season | 156 (75) | 85 (64) | 241 (71) | |
| Vaccinated in 2012 season | 137 (32) | 67 (23) | 204 (28) | <0.01 |
| Unvaccinated in 2012 season | 294 (68) | 228 (77) | 522 (72) | |
| Vaccinated in 2013 season | 153 (26) | 103 (23) | 256 (25) | 0.27 |
| Unvaccinated in 2013 season | 444 (74) | 334 (77) | 778 (75) | |
| Vaccinated in 2014 season | 72 (11) | 59 (12) | 131 (11) | 0.6 |
| Unvaccinated in 2014 season | 587 (89) | 431 (88) | 1,018 (89) | |
| Vaccinated in 2015 season | 13 (2) | 19 (4) | 32 (3) | 0.04 |
| Unvaccinated in 2015 season | 646 (98) | 471 (96) | 1,117 (97) |
QSNICH, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health; ARI, acute respiratory illness
γAmong 1,129 children whose household visits were conducted; wealth index was created among 1,125 children with complete data using the following variables: housing characteristics, ownership of durable assets, access to sanitation facilities, and source of water
€From 3,108 ARIs
μCompany welfare, health scheme for handicaps, or no expense (used existing medicines or sought care at health centers
£Among children who were ≥6 months of age at the beginning of the season: 121 children for 2010 season (72 healthy and 49 high-risk), 339 for 2011 season (207 healthy and 132 high-risk), 726 for 2012 season (431 healthy and 295 high-risk), 1,034 children for 2013 season (597 healthy and 437 high-risk), and 1,149 for 2014 and 2015 seasons (659 healthy and 490 high-risk)