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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2018 Feb 4;49:84–94. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.01.004

Figure 4.

Figure 4

The activity of neuronal populations and the states of a behavioral variable can be related in different ways. Homogeneous bidirectional activity manipulations in neurons using similar rate codes (left) is more likely to mimic behaviorally relevant scenarios than the same manipulations in circuits with more complex population codes (right). Perturbing a system along a behaviorally relevant axis (red lines) allows for more direct tests of causality.