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SCFA-activating duodenal bicarbonate secretion (DBS). FFA3 activation stimulates GLP-2 release, followed by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and nitric oxide (NO) releases, increasing DBS. FFA2 activation stimulates 5-HT release, which activates cholinergic pathway to stimulate DBS. Sodium-dependent and independent monocarboxylate transporters SMCT1, MCT1, and MCT4 mediate SCFA absorption, facilitating DBS via afferent neural pathways.
