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. 2018 May 17;8:7765. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25770-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Multi-unit activity during vigilance state transitions during baseline (black), SD day (red) and post-SD (blue). Time course of the VTA (A–C), SNM (D–F) and SNL (G–I) neuronal activity and EEG slow-wave activity (power density 0–4 Hz) at the transition from NREM to REM sleep (A,D,G,J), NREM to REM sleep (B,E,H,K) and wake to NREM sleep (C,F,I,L) during the 2 min before and after the vigilance state transition. The curves connect 10s mean-values calculated over the entire LD, SD and post-SD days. All variables are expressed as a percentage of the mean activity during NREM sleep over baseline. All changes at the transition were significant (p < 0.001, ANOVA factor ‘time’ over 24 10-s epochs). Black lines: Control day; Red lines: Post-SD1; Blue lines: Post-SD2. Additionally, red and blue triangles indicate significant changes of neuronal activity during SD and post-SD days (two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test).