Table 2.
Type of article, institutionalized racism as a core or secondary topic, and number of search terms in the title or abstract of each included article, United States, 2002-2015
| Author, Year | Journal | Title | Article Type | Search Term(s) Appears in Abstract (Not Title) | Core or Secondary Concepta | Search Term, No. of Times Used in Title or Abstract | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| “Institutional Racism” | “Institutionalized Racism” | “Structural Racism” | “Systemic Racism” | ||||||
| Metzler et al,22 2003 | American Journal of Public Health | Addressing Urban Health in Detroit, New York City, and Seattle Through Community-Based Participatory Research Partnerships | OR | X | C | 7 | — | — | — |
| Armstrong et al,19 2004 | Social Science & Medicine | United States Coronary Mortality Trends and Community Services Associated With Occupational Structure, Among Blacks and Whites, 1984-1998 | OR | X | S | 2 | 1 | — | — |
| Evans,23 2004 | Western Journal of Nursing Research | Cultural and Ethnic Differences in Content Validation Responses | OR | X | S | 5 | — | — | — |
| Ford and Kelly,24 2005 | Health Services Research | Conceptualizing and Categorizing Race and Ethnicity in Health Services Research | LR | X | C | 1 | 7 | — | — |
| Holmes,25 2006 | PLoS Medicine | An Ethnographic Study of the Social Context of Migrant Health in the United States | OR | X | S | 1 | — | 1 | — |
| Paradies,11 2006 | International Journal of Epidemiology | A Systematic Review of Empirical Research on Self-Reported Racism and Health | LR | X | C | — | — | — | 7 |
| Kramer and Hogue,26 2009 | Epidemiologic Reviews | What Causes Racial Disparities in Very Preterm Birth? A Biosocial Perspective | LR | X | C | — | 2 | — | — |
| McAllister et al,27 2009 | American Journal of Public Health | Root Shock Revisited: Perspectives of Early Head Start Mothers on Community and Policy Environments and Their Effects on Child Health, Development, and School Readiness | OR | X | S | — | — | 1 | — |
| Albert et al,28 2010 | Archives of Internal Medicine | Perceptions of Race/Ethnic Discrimination in Relation to Mortality Among Black Women: Results From the Black Women’s Health Study | OR | X | C | 6 | 22 | — | — |
| Ford and Airhihenbuwa,29 2010 | American Journal of Public Health | Critical Race Theory, Race Equity, and Public Health: Toward Antiracism Praxis | CM | X | C | — | 1 | 5 | — |
| Steinecke and Terrell,30 2010 | Academic Medicine | Progress for Whose Future? The Impact of the Flexner Report on Medical Education for Racial and Ethnic Minority Physicians in the United States | TA | X | C | 3 | — | 4 | — |
| Cene et al,31 2011 | Journal of General Internal Medicine | Understanding Social Capital and HIV Risk in Rural African American Communities | OR | X | S | 5 | 2 | — | — |
| Shavers et al,32 2012 | American Journal of Public Health | The State of Research on Racial/Ethnic Discrimination in the Receipt of Health Care | LR | X | C | 11 | — | — | — |
| Viruell-Fuentes et al,33 2012 | Social Science & Medicine | More Than Culture: Structural Racism, Intersectionality Theory, and Immigrant Health | TA | X | C | — | — | 8 | — |
| Chattopadhyay et al,34 2013 | Journal of Bioethical Inquiry | Bioethics and Its Gatekeepers: Does Institutional Racism Exist in Leading Bioethics Journals? | LE | X | C | 6 | — | — | — |
| Hall and Fields,35 2013 | Nursing Outlook | Continuing the Conversation in Nursing on Race and Racism | TA | X | C | 2 | — | 7 | 1 |
| Purtle,36 2013 | American Journal of Public Health | Felon Disenfranchisement in the United States: A Health Equity Perspective | TA | X | C | 1 | 6 | — | — |
| Feagin and Bennefield,37 2014 | Social Science & Medicine | Systemic Racism and U.S. Health Care | TA | C | 5 | 2 | 1 | 23 | |
| Lukachko et al,20 2014 | Social Science & Medicine | Structural Racism and Myocardial Infarction in the United States | OR | C | — | — | 91 | 2 | |
| Paradies et al,38 2014 | Journal of General Internal Medicine | A Systematic Review of the Extent and Measurement of Healthcare Provider Racism | LR | X | S | 3 | — | — | 4 |
| Sabo et al,39 2014 | Social Science & Medicine | Everyday Violence, Structural Racism and Mistreatment at the US-Mexico Border | OR | S | 1 | — | 6 | — | |
| Scott et al,40 2014 | AIDS and Behavior | Peer Social Support Is Associated With Recent HIV Testing Among Young Black Men Who Have Sex With Men | OR | X | S | — | — | 2 | — |
| Jee-Lyn García and Sharif,15 2015 | American Journal of Public Health | Black Lives Matter: A Commentary on Racism and Public Health | CM | X | C | — | — | 8 | — |
| Wallace et al,21 2015 | American Journal of Public Health | Joint Effects of Structural Racism and Income Inequality on Small-for-Gestational-Age Birth | OR | C | — | — | 42 | — | |
| Weiler et al,41 2015 | Health Policy and Planning | Food Sovereignty, Food Security and Health Equity: A Meta-Narrative Mapping Exercise | LR | X | S | — | — | 5 | — |
| Total occurrences of each search term | 59 | 43 | 181 | 37 | |||||
Abbreviations: —, not available; C, core concept; CM, commentary; LE, letter to the editor; LR, literature review; OR, original research; S, secondary concept; TA, theoretical article.
aCore or secondary concept refers to whether institutionalized racism was a core or secondary concept in the article. Institutionalized racism is the macrolevel systems, social forces, institutions, ideologies, and processes that interact with one another to generate and reinforce inequities among racial/ethnic groups.13