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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018 Mar;66(3):516–554. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001889

Table 3.

Differential diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)*

Gastrointestinal obstruction
  • -

    Pyloric stenosis

  • -

    Malrotation with volvulus

  • -

    Intussusception

  • -

    Hirschsprung disease

  • -

    Antral/duodenal web

  • -

    Foreign body

  • -

    Incarcerated hernia

  • -

    Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome

 Other gastrointestinal disorders
  • -

    Achalasia

  • -

    Gastroparesis

  • -

    Gastroenteritis

  • -

    Peptic ulcer

  • -

    Eosinophilic esophagitis

  • -

    Food allergy/intolerance

  • -

    Inflammatory bowel disease

  • -

    Pancreatitis

  • -

    Appendicitis
Neurologic
  • -

    Hydrocephalus

  • -

    Subdural hematoma

  • -

    Intracranial hemorrhage

  • -

    Intracranial mass

 Infectious
  • -

    Sepsis/meningitis

  • -

    Urinary tract infection

  • -

    Upper/lower airway infection

  • -

    Otitis media

  • -

    Hepatitis
Metabolic/endocrine
  • -

    Galactosemia

  • -

    Hereditary fructose intolerance

  • -

    Urea cycle defects

  • -

    Amino and organic acidemias

  • -

    Fatty acid oxidation disorders

  • -

    Metabolic acidosis

  • -

    Congenital adrenal hyperplasia/adrenal crisis

 Others
  • -

    Pediatric condition falsification (PCF)/factitious disorder by proxy (FDP)

  • -

    Child neglect or abuse

  • -

    Self-induced vomiting

  • -

    Cyclic vomiting syndrome

  • -

    Rumination syndrome
Toxic
  • -

    Lead poisoning

  • -

    Other toxins

 Renal
  • -

    Obstructive uropathy

  • -

    Renal insufficiency
Cardiac
  • -

    Heart failure

  • -

    Vascular ring

  • -

    Autonomic dysfunction
*

Adapted from the ESPGHAN/NASPGHAN 2009 GERD guidelines