TABLE 1.

Metabolite concentrations present in the bulk solution of the biofilm after 6 day-treatments of vancomycin-only, maltodextrin-only, and combined treatment

Compound	Sig	0.8 mM vancomycin only	10 mM maltodextrin only	10 mM maltodextrin + 0.8 mM vancomycin
2-Hydroxyisovalerate	↓	0.0279 ± 0.0010	0.0069 ± 0.0010	0.0041 ± 0.0002
Acetate	↓	13.1 ± 0.90	9.8 ± 1.7	7.1 ± 2.1
Acetoin	↑	0.091 ± 0.005	1.742 ± 0.097	0.694 ± 0.073
Butyrate	↓	0.011 ± 0.003	0.007 ± 0.001	0.006 ± 0.002
Ethanol		0.839 ± 0.041	0.726 ± 0.005	0.853 ± 0.029
Formate	↓	7.4 ± 2.7	1.5 ± 0.5	1.2 ± 0.7
Fumarate		0.161 ± 0.115	0.003 ± 0.001	0.351 ± 0.385
Glucose		0.00	0.83	0.49
Isobutyrate		0.007 ± 0.002	0.009 ± 0.001	0.004 ± 0.001
Isoleucine		0.047	0.032	0.035
Isopropanol		0.009 ± 0.002	0.011 ± 0.001	0.007 ± 0.003
Isovalerate		0.058 ± 0.005	0.065 ± 0.005	0.068 ± 0.011
Lactate		3.0 ± 0.8	3.2 ± 0.8	2.3 ± 0.8
Leucine	↓	0.195 ± 0.012	0.104 ± 0.008	0.106 ± 0.009
Lysine		0.25 ± 0.10	0.09 ± 0.01	0.13 ± 0.09
Methanol		0.024	0.043	0.039
Phenylalanine	↓	0.11 ± 0.01	0.09 ± 0.01	0.09 ± 0.01
Proline	↓	0.19 ± 0.02	0.07 ± 0.03	0.06 ± 0.01
Propionate		0.014 ± 0.002	0.012 ± 0.002	0.009 ± 0.003
Pyroglutamate	↓	0.14 ± 0.01	0.08 ± 0.01	0.07 ± 0.02
Pyruvate	↑	0.19 ± 0.01	9.38 ± 0.13	11.21 ± 0.580
Tryptophan		0.027 ± 0.007	0.019 ± 0.003	0.029 ± 0.003
Tyrosine	↓	0.043 ± 0.003	0.027 ± 0.001	0.024 ± 0.004
Uracil		0.027	0.0039	0.001
Valine	↓	0.175 ± 0.006	0.087 ± 0.004	0.080 ± 0.002

The concentration unit is millimolar (mM). Plus/minus values represent standard deviations. Acetate, formate, and lactate peaks were susceptible to peak broadening and have higher variance than other compounds. Down arrows (↓) indicate a statistically significantly (p < 0.05) lower concentration in both maltodextrin—treated samples compared to the vancomycin-only treatment, and up arrows (↑) indicate significantly higher concentrations.