Table 1.
Metformin attenuated the expression of a number of important genes involved in glucose metabolism. Over 20 genes were shown to be down-regulated.
| Gene Assignment | Gene Symbol | Ref Seq | Fold-Change (G5 Met vs. G5) | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GLUCOSE TRANSPORTERS | ||||
| Solute Carrier Family 2 Member 1 (Facilitated Glucose Transporter) | SLC2A1 | NM_006516 | −1.71564 | 1.88E-05 |
| Solute Carrier Family 2 Member 10 (Facilitated Glucose Transporter) | SLC2A10 | NM_030777 | −1.8308 | 0.000166115 |
| Solute Carrier Family 6 Member 14 (Amino Acid Transporter) | SLC6A14 | NM_007231 | −2.44598 | 2.17E-06 |
| Solute Carrier Family 37 Member 4 (Glucose-6-Phosphate Transporter) | SLC37A4 | NM_001164277 | −2.38101 | 4.34E-06 |
| Solute Carrier Family 2 Member 12 (Facilitated Glucose Transporter) | SLC2A12 | NM_145176 | 1.5 | 4.25E-05 |
| GLUCOSE METABOLISM | ||||
| Glycolysis | ||||
| Enolase 1 (alpha) | ENO1 | NM_001428 | −1.5703 | 7.57E-07 |
| Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase | GPI | NM_000175 | −1.64235 | 1.76E-05 |
| Phosphofructokinase, Liver | PFKL | NR_024108 | −1.51114 | 2.73E-05 |
| Phosphoglycerate Kinase 1 | PGK1 | NM_000291 | −2.49786 | 7.32E-08 |
| Phosphoglucomutase 1 | PGM1 | NM_002633 | −1.55441 | 6.65E-05 |
| Triosephosphate Isomerase 1 | TPI1 | NM_000365 | −1.52868 | 0.001659 |
| Glucose-6-Phosphatase Catalytic Subunit 3 | G6PC3 | NM_138387 | −2.05414 | 6.25E-05 |
| 6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase/Fructose-2,6-Biphosphatase 4 | PFKFB4 | NM_004567 | −2.2822 | 1.12E-06 |
| Transketolase | TKT | NM_001135055 | 1.52762 | 3.90E-05 |
| Pyruvate Kinase, Muscle | PKM2 | NM_182470 | −1.72714 | 4.15E-06 |
| Lactate Dehydrogenase A | LDHA | NM_005566 | −1.86317 | 1.22E-08 |
| Phosphoglucomutase 5 | PGM5 | NM_021965 | 1.51945 | 0.001669 |
| Phosphoglucomutase 5 Pseudogene 2 | PGM5P2 | NR_002836 | 1.7348 | 0.000269 |
| Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member B10 | AKR1B10 | NM_020299 | 2.9025 | 1.08E-06 |
| Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C2 | AKR1C2 | NM_001354 | 2.63487 | 1.44E-06 |
| Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 3 | PDK3 | NM_005391 | −2.41605 | 1.79E-05 |
| Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 4 | PDK4 | NM_002612 | 4.13308 | 2.07E-06 |
| Pyruvate Dehyrogenase Phosphatase Catalytic Subunit 1 | PDP1 | NM_001161778 | 2.83315 | 5.78E-06 |
| Prenyl (Decaprenyl) Diphosphate Synthase Subunit 1 | PDSS1 | NM_014317 | −2.09161 | 8.58E-05 |
| Phosphoglycerate Mutase 1 (Brain) | PGAM1 | NM_002629 | −2.54865 | 5.42E-07 |
| Phosphoglycerate Mutase Family Member 4 | PGAM4 | NM_001029891 | −2.26653 | 2.89E-06 |
| UDP-Glucose 6-Dehydrogenase | UGDH | NM_003359 | −2.0062 | 3.93E-05 |
| Gluconeogenesis | ||||
| Pyruvate Carboxylase | PC | NM_001040716 | −2.39828 | 7.29E-06 |
| Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) | ||||
| ATP Citrate Lyase | ACLY | NM_001096 | −4.25837 | 2.97E-10 |
| Aconitase 1 | ACO1 | NM_002197 | −1.56798 | 0.001286 |
| Dihydrolipoamide S-Acetyltransferase | DLAT | NM_001931 | −1.76732 | 1.98E-07 |
| Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+) | IDH2 | NM_002168 | −1.75573 | 6.09E-06 |
| Oxoglutarate (Alpha-Ketoglutarate) Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide) | OGDH | NM_002541 | −1.78156 | 0.000117 |
| Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide) | PDHA1 | NM_000284 | −1.61653 | 1.82E-05 |
| Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex Subunit A (Flavoprotein) | SDHA | NM_004168 | −1.64205 | 2.66E-05 |
| Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex Subunit C (Integral Membrane Protein) | SDHC | NM_003001 | −1.59586 | 5.46E-05 |