Table 1. Baseline participant characteristics.
| All Groups | LAMI | LAHI | HAHI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | (N = 163) | (n = 53) | (n = 54) | (n = 56) |
| Age (yrs.) | 52.4 (6.4) | 53.6 (5.7) | 52.0 (7.2) | 51.8 (6.2) |
| Female n (%) | 71 (43.6) | 25 (47.2) | 23 (42.6) | 23 (41.1) |
| Race | ||||
| Caucasian n (%) | 136 (83.4) | 44 (83.0) | 43 (79.6) | 49 (87.5) |
| African American n (%) | 22 (13.5) | 9 (16.9) | 9 (16.7) | 4 (7.1) |
| Hispanic n (%) | 2 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2.0 (3.5) |
| Asian n (%) | 3 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.7) | 1 (1.8) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.7 (2.8) | 29.5 (2.8) | 30.0 (2.9) | 29.7 (2.8) |
| Weight (kg) | 87.5 (13.8) | 86.2 (15.2) | 88.1 (12.4) | 88.3 (13.8) |
| Waist circum. (natural) (cm) | 95.8 (10.0) | 95.2 (11.3) | 95.3 (8.3) | 96.8 (10.5) |
| Waist circum. (umbilicus) (cm) | 103.1 (9.8) | 102.3 (11.2) | 103.3 (9.3) | 103.6 (9.1) |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 93.6 (9.2) | 93.5 (8.9) | 93.1 (8.6) | 94.1 (10.0) |
| Insulin (mIU/L) | 9.3 (6.1) | 9.7 (7.2) | 8.7 (5.7) | 9.4 (5.4) |
| HOMA-IR | 2.2 (1.5) | 2.3 (1.7) | 2.1 (1.5) | 2.2 (1.4) |
| Insulin sensitivity (mU·l-1 ·min -1) | 3.4 (2.4) | 3.2 (2.2) | 3.8 (2.2) | 3.3 (2.6) |
| AIRg, (mU·l-1·min-1) | 461.5 (371.6) | 427.7 (302.5) | 438.3 (359.4) | 515.8 (437.1) |
| Sg (per min) | 0.0187 (0.008) | 0.019 (0.009) | 0.019 (0.008) | 0.018 (0.007) |
| Low density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 126.8 (24.3) | 124.1 (20.7) | 130.3 (27.1) | 125.6 (24.4) |
| High density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 46.2 (14.3) | 47.4 (14.2) | 45.4 (13.2) | 45.8 (15.7) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 197.9 (31.1) | 197.4 (28.7) | 199.3 (32.9) | 196.9 (31.7) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 157.7 (90.0) | 170.0 (110.6) | 143.9 (67.8) | 160.4 (88.5) |
| Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 8.8 (0.4) | 150.0 (23.5) | 153.9 (30.6) | 151.1 (25.8) |
| Small LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 38.3 (34.0) | 37.2 (33.8) | 42.6 (34.7) | 35.0 (33.8) |
| Large HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 7.6 (7.1) | 7.5 (5.7) | 7.9 (8.1) | 7.4 (7.2) |
| LDL particles (mmol/L) | 1420.8 (346.3) | 1381.3 (287.6) | 1450.6 (378.4) | 1427.2 (364.8) |
| LDL particle size (nm) | 20.8 (0.9) | 20.8 (0.9) | 20.8 (0.8) | 20.7 (1.0) |
| HDL particle size (nm) | 8.8 (0.4) | 8.9 (0.4) | 8.9 (0.4) | 8.8 (0.4) |
| VO2 max (ml.kg.min) | 28.3 (5.8) | 27.3 (5.7) | 29.3 (6.2) | 28.1 (5.3) |
| VO2 max (L/min) | 2.5 (0.7) | 2.4 (0.7) | 2.6 (0.8) | 2.5 (0.7) |
Continuous variables are expressed in mean (SD) and categorical variables are expressed n (%). BMI: Body mass index, AIRg: Acute insulin response to glucose, Sg: Glucose effectiveness, Non-HDL cholesterol: Non high density lipoprotein cholesterol, Small LDL cholesterol: Small low density lipoprotein particles,
LDL particles: Total low density lipoprotein particles, VO2 max: maximal oxygen consumption