Table 3. The effect of exercise training with at least modest weight loss (≥3%) compared to those that did not (<3%) on body composition, insulin resistance and fitness An ANCOVA with adjustment for the baseline values was used to compare the change in these variables between the weight loss conditions.

	LAMI		LAHI		HAHI		All Exercise groups
	No WL (n = 43)	MWL (n = 10)	No WL (n = 45)	MWL (n = 9)	No WL (n = 38)	MWL (n = 18)	No WL (n = 126)	MWL (n = 37)
Percent weight loss (%)	0.0	-5.0 *	-0.1	-5.2 *	-0.2	-5.5*	-0.1	-5.2 *
Δ Weight (kg)	0.1	-4.1 *	-0.1	-4.4 *	-0.2	-4.9 *	-0.1	-4.5 *
Δ BMI (kg/m2)	0.2	-1.5 *	-0.4	-1.6 *	-0.04	-1.6 *	-0.02	-1.6 *
Δ Waist circumference (natural) (cm)	0.1	-4.1 *	-0.1	4.4 *	-0.2	-4.9 *	-1.1	-3.9 *
Δ Waist circumference (umbilicus) (cm)	-0.6	-4.1 *	-1.2	-3.6*	-1.2	-5.5 *	-1.0	-4.4 *
Δ Glucose (mg/dL)	-0.3	2.3	1.5	-1.3	0.8	-0.3	0.7	0.2
Δ Insulin (mIU/L)	-1.7	-1.1	-1.2	-3.2 †	-0.9	-2.5 †	-1.3	-2.3 †
Δ AIRg (mU·l-1·min-1)	-2.1	-50.8	-21.4	-126.4	0.9	-127.1*	-6.0	-101.5*
Δ Sg (per min)	0.0002	0.0030	-0.0020	-0.0002	0.0002	0.0029	-0.0005	0.0019
Δ HOMA-IR	-0.4	-0.1	-0.3	-0.74 †	-0.12	-0.56 †	-0.27	-0.48
Δ VO2 max (L/min)	0.13	0.25	0.29	0.21	0.37	0.42	0.27	0.30
Δ VO2 max (ml.kg.min)	1.4	4.2 *	3.3	4.6	4.1	6.3*	2.9	5.0 *

*Indicates significant difference between the change in the variable between no weight loss (<3%) and weight loss and weight loss (≥3%) conditions within the exercise group;

† Indicates that the difference between the change in the variable between no weight loss and weight loss condition approached significance (p value is between 0.05 to 0.09) within the exercise group.

NO WL: no weight loss, MWL: at least modest weight loss, BMI: Body mass index, AIRg: Acute insulin response to glucose, Sg: Glucose effectiveness, VO₂ max: maximal oxygen consumption