Table 1.

Characteristics in Children of Mothers With and Without GDM During Pregnancy

Variable	Total (n=212)	GDM Absent (n=191)	GDM Present (n=21)	Statistic
				F or χ2	P Value
Age, ya
Child	4.31 (0.47) [3.05–5.00]	4.31 (0.47) [3.05–5.00]	4.35 (0.48) [3.50–4.97]	F1,210=0.14	.71
Father	33.61 (6.56) [19–61]	33.12 (6.88) [19–62]	36.80 (5.22) [28–46]	F1,206=5.85	.02
Mother	31.28 (6.12) [17–44]	30.77 (5.95) [17–44]	36.10 (5.65) [24–44]	F1,209=14.71	<.001
Family SESa	55.39 (15.10) [20.0–88.5]	55.11 (15.33) [20.0–88.5]	58.17 (12.63) [33.0–83.0]	F1,210=0.77	.38
Mother’s ADHDa symptomsa,b	46.0 (8.25) [26–90]	45.56 (7.51) [26–75]	50.0 (12.37) [31–90]	F1,206=5.59	.02
Father’s ADHD symptomsa	49.23 (6.64) [29–78]	49.19 (6.22) [29–78]	49.74 (9.33) [37–74]	F1,209=0.09	.77
Race/ethnicity, No. (%)
White	125 (59.0)	110 (57.6)	15 (71.4)	${\mathrm{\chi }}_3^2=1.68$	.64c
Black	26 (12.3)	24 (12.6)	2 (9.5)
Asian	22 (10.4)	21 (11.0)	1 (4.8)
Mixed/other	39 (18.4)	36 (18.8)	3 (14.3)
Female, No. (%)	56 (26.4)	52 (27.2)	4 (19.0)	${\mathrm{\chi }}_1^2=0.65$	.60c
Mother’s alcohol use in pregnancy, No. (%)	45 (23.0)	44 (25.0)	1 (5.0)	${\mathrm{\chi }}_1^2=4.06$	.05c
Mother’s tobacco use in pregnancy, No. (%)	36 (17.1)	34 (17.9)	2 (9.5)	${\mathrm{\chi }}_1^2=0.97$	.54c
Low birth weight, No. (%)	26 (12.4)	21 (11.2)	5 (23.8)	${\mathrm{\chi }}_1^2=2.77$	.15c

Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; SES, socioeconomic status.

^aData are given as mean (SD) [range].

^bt Test scores from the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale.

^cFisher exact test was used.