Table 3.

The Behavior Assessment System for Children-2 at Ages 3 to 4 Years Among Groups of Children Formed by Mother’s GDM Status and Family SES^a

Symptom	Groupb				Wald ${\mathrm{\chi }}_3^2$	P Value	Significant Pairwise Comparison
	1	2	3	4
Adaptive scalesc
Adaptability	50.7 (0.6)	49.6 (2.5)	49.5 (0.9)	45.1 (1.9)	8.04	.04	1 > 4
Functional communication	51.8 (0.8)	52.8 (1.9)	48.9 (0.8)	44.4 (2.4)	14.39	.002	1 > 2, 3 > 4
Clinical scalesd
Hyperactivity	56.4 (0.9)	52.3 (2.9)	56.2 (1.0)	58.3 (2.5)	4.58	.20	NA
Aggression	50.6 (3.2)	51.6 (2.9)	54.9 (1.1)	50.6 (3.2)	2.45	.49	NA
Anxiety	51.4 (1.0)	53.5 (2.6)	51.1 (0.9)	51.3 (2.9)	1.22	.75	NA
Depression	52.0 (1.1)	57.7 (2.2)	54.6 (1.2)	58.2 (2.9)	8.99	.03	NA
Somatization	48.9 (0.6)	51.4 (3.0)	50.8 (0.8)	51.7 (2.8)	4.10	.25	NA
Atypicality	51.9 (1.1)	53.8 (3.5)	55.8 (1.4)	58.9 (2.7)	11.36	.01	1 < 4
Withdrawal	49.6 (0.8)	47.0 (2.3)	47.9 (0.9)	54.3 (2.6)	7.75	.05	1, 2, 3 < 4
Attention problems	52.4 (0.7)	51.0 (1.9)	54.4 (0.8)	58.4 (1.8)	13.55	.004	1, 2, 3 < 4

Abbreviations: GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; NA, not applicable; SES, socioeconomic status.

^aThe α values for P value for pair-wise comparisons were adjusted for multiple comparisons using sequential Bonferroni (Holm) method. The age of the child and of the mother at the child’s birth, child’s race/ethnicity, sex, low birth weight, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal alcohol use during pregnancy, maternal and paternal attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, and risk-group status (at-risk vs typically developing) were adjusted in all analyses.

^bData are given as means (SDs). Group 1, children exposed to neither mother’s GDM nor low SES (n=97); group 2, children exposed to mother’s GDM but not low SES (n=12); group 3, children exposed to low SES but not mother’s GDM (n=94); and group 4, children exposed to both mother’s GDM and low SES (n=9).

^cHigher scores denote greater adaptive skills.

^dHigher scores denote greater clinical symptoms.