Table 3.
Odds Ratios (95% CI) for incident chronic disease according to level of psychological distress using imputed covariate data (n = 25,733).
| Chronic disease | Level of psychological distress |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asymptomatic | Low | Moderate | High | |
| Arthritis | n = 291 | n = 213 | n = 97 | n = 91 |
| Model 1a | 1.00 | 1.48 (1.22–1.78)⁎⁎ | 1.96 (1.50–2.56)⁎⁎ | 2.67 (2.07–3.44)⁎⁎ |
| Model 4b | 1.00 | 1.43 (1.18–1.73)⁎⁎ | 1.87 (1.43–2.45)⁎⁎ | 2.40 (1.85–3.12)⁎⁎ |
| CVD | n = 136 | n = 119 | n = 43 | n = 50 |
| Model 1a | 1.00 | 1.75 (1.34–2.27)⁎⁎ | 1.88 (1.25–2.81)⁎⁎ | 3.22 (2.27–4.57)⁎⁎ |
| Model 4b | 1.00 | 1.63 (1.25–2.12)⁎⁎ | 1.68 (1.11–2.52)⁎ | 2.61 (1.82–3.75)⁎⁎ |
| COPD | n = 45 | n = 41 | n = 22 | n = 26 |
| Model 1a | 1.00 | 1.68 (1.09–2.60)⁎ | 2.48 (1.40–4.41)⁎⁎ | 4.37 (2.66–7.20)⁎⁎ |
| Model 4b | 1.00 | 1.52 (0.98–2.36) | 2.03 (1.13–3.65)⁎ | 3.18 (1.89–5.36)⁎⁎ |
| Diabetes | n = 134 | n = 75 | n = 47 | n = 39 |
| Model 1a | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.75–1.41) | 1.83 (1.25–2.67)⁎⁎ | 2.09 (1.42–3.08)⁎⁎ |
| Model 4b | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.67–1.26) | 1.63 (1.10–2.42)⁎ | 1.60 (1.07–2.39)⁎ |
⁎
p < .05.
⁎⁎
p < .01.
a
Adjusted for age and sex.
b
Further adjusted for SEP (wave 1), neighbourhood cohesion (wave 1), marital status (wave 1), BMI (wave 1), other chronic diseases at baseline, smoking status (wave 2), diet (wave 2) and exercise (wave 2).