NUPR1 directly activates SNAP25 transcription. (A) Western blot of SNAP25, LC3B, and SQSTM1 in the indicated cell lines with ACTB as a loading control. (B) Western blot of SNAP25, BECN1/Beclin 1, MTOR, and p-MTOR (Ser2448) in A549 NUPR1-depleted cells, with ACTB as a loading control. (C) ChIP was performed to assess the association of Flag-NUPR1 with regions 4 and 5 of the SNAP25 promoter in transfected A549 cells. Stars mark ChIP primer positions. Bar graphs show fold enrichment of NUPR1 binding. Relative enrichment compared to region 1 is shown. The mean ± SEM of 3 replicates is shown. (D) The diagram shows serial deletions of the luciferase reporter upstream of the SNAP25 transcription start site (TSS); bar graphs show luciferase activity. (E) Schematic showing the balance between autophagic flux and autolysosomal efflux mediated by NUPR1 in lung cancer cells.