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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018 Mar 31;187:100–108. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.037

Table 4.

Pain Intensity and Urge to Smoke: Indirect Role of Negative Affect

Path Path Description b SE t p CI (l) CI (u)
Model 1 (Y1) Criterion Variable: Urge to Smoke Total Score
a NRS1 → NA2 7.045 1.360 5.182 <.001 4.366 9.724
b NA → QSU-B3 0.500 0.137 3.651 <.001 0.230 0.770
c NRS → QSU-B 5.833 2.871 2.032 .043 0.176 11.490
c’ NRS → QSU-B 2.308 2.957 .780 .436 −3.520 8.135
Model 2 (Y2) Criterion Variable: Urge to Smoke for the Relief of Negative Affect
a NRS → NA 7.045 1.360 5.182 <.001 4.366 9.724
b NA → QSU-B-NA4 0.317 0.071 4.441 <.001 0.176 0.457
c NRS → QSU-B-NA 3.946 1.513 2.608 .010 0.965 6.928
c’ NRS → QSU-B-NA 1.716 1.538 1.116 .266 −1.315 4.747

Note. N = 229.

1

Numerical Rating Scale- pain intensity;

2

Positive and Negative Affect Schedule – Negative Affect;

3

Questionnaire of Smoking Urges-Brief (QSU-B) - total score;

4

QSU-B – Negative Affect Relief.

In all models, path a represents the association between the independent variable and the mediator, path b represents the associations between the mediator and the dependent variable, controlling for the independent variable, path c represents the total effect of the model (direct effect + indirect effect), and path c’ represents the direct effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable