Table 2.
Socio-demographic and cognitive characteristics of the study sample
| a. Socio-demographic and cognitive characteristics of the study sample by Psychosis Group | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HC-NonACU (n=32) | HC-ACU (n=14) | PSY-NonACU (n=35) | PSY-ACU (n=28) | Statistical Test* | |
| Socio-Demographic Characteristics | |||||
| Gender (% Female) | 59% | 36% | 66% | 36% | χ2(3)=7.8, p=0.05 |
| Age | 41.78 (18–63) | 38.21 (18–55) | 40.49 (17–62) | 38.25 (21–55) | F(3,105)=0.63, NS |
| Ethnicity (% Hispanic) | 9.00% | 21.00% | 9% | 4% | χ2(3)=3.59, NS |
| Race | χ2(12)=13.33, NS | ||||
| Caucasian | 69% | 79% | 54% | 54% | |
| African American | 25% | 14% | 37% | 46% | |
| Asian | 3% | 0% | 6% | 0% | |
| Multiracial | 0% | 0% | 3% | 0% | |
| Other | 3% | 7% | 0% | 0% | |
| Years of Education | 13.72 | 14.54 | 13.77 | 12.71 | F(3,104)=2.81, p=0.043 |
| Handedness (% Right-Handed) | 88% | 100% | 83% | 100% | χ2(3)=7.33, NS |
| Cognitive Assessments | |||||
| WRAT | 99.13 (72–134) | 104.86 (74–138) | 95.66 (69–126) | 95.00 (72–119) | F(3,105)=1.77, NS |
| BACS Composite | −0.41 (−3.65–1.55) | 0.05 (−1.83–1.46) | −1.77 (−4.00–0.94) | −1.11 (−3.84–3.55) | F(3,105)=8.93, p<0.001 |
| BACS Verbal Memory | −0.52 (−2.83–1.85) | −0.03 (−1.05–1.28) | −1.17 (−3.68–1.33) | −0.40 (−3.82–2.47) | F(3,105)=3.13, p<0.05 |
| BACS Digit Sequencing | −0.39 (−3.90–1.59) | −0.17 (−1.92–1.63) | −1.14 (−3.71–1.35) | −0.84 (−2.82–1.33) | F(3,105)=3.1, p<0.05 |
| BACS Token Motor | −0.25 (−4.00–1.73) | 0.32 (−1.04–1.87) | −1.48 (−4.00–0.72) | −1.43 (−3.72–0.42) | F(3,104)=17.19, p<0.001 |
| BACS Verbal Fluency | −0.12 (−2.37–1.92) | 0.19 (−1.47–2.40) | −0.64 (−3.27–1.64) | −0.22 (−2.26–2.25) | F(3,105)=2.42, p=0.071 |
| BACS Symbol Coding | −0.15 (−2.17–1.86) | 0.17 (−1.44–1.27) | −1.48 (−3.82–1.09) | −0.99 (−2.76–3.56) | F(3,105)=12.1 p<0.001 |
| BACS Tower of London | −0.20 (−2.45–1.79) | −0.18 (−3.23–1.36) | −0.96 (−4.00–0.77) | −0.31 (−4.00–2.76) | F(3,105)=3.17, p<0.05 |
| SFS (Total score) | 146.60 (115–171) | 142.08 (109–167) | 117.03 (59–174) | 115.25 (54–167) | F(3,100)=11.32, p<0.001 |
| b. Socio-demographic and cognitive characteristics of the study sample by Diagnosis Group | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HC-NonACU (n=32) | HC-ACU (n=14) | BP-NonACU (n=12) | BP-ACU (n=7) | SZ-NonACU (n=23) | SZ-ACU (n=21) | Statistical Test* | |
| Socio-Demographic Characteristics | |||||||
| Gender (% Female) | 59% | 36% | 83% | 29% | 57% | 38% | χ2(5)=10.26, NS |
| Age | 41.78 (18–63) | 38.21 (18–55) | 39.83 (22–60) | 37.14 (22–45) | 40.83 (17–62) | 38.62 (21–55) | F(5,103)=0.4, NS |
| Ethnicity (% Hispanic) | 9.00% | 21.00% | 0.00% | 0% | 13% | 5% | χ2(5)=5.34, NS |
| Race | χ2(20)=16.93, NS | ||||||
| Caucasian | 69% | 79% | 58% | 71% | 52% | 48% | |
| African American | 25% | 14% | 33% | 29% | 39% | 52% | |
| Asian | 3% | 0% | 8% | 0% | 4% | 0% | |
| Multiracial | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 4% | 0% | |
| Other | 3% | 7% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
| Years of Education | 13.72 (12–18) | 14.54 (12–18) | 14.58 (11–18) | 13.14 (9–16) | 13.35 | 12.57 | F(5,102)=2.38, p=0.043 |
| Handedness (% Right-Handed) | 88% | 100% | 92% | 100% | 78% | 100% | χ2(5)=9.04, NS |
| Cognitive Assessments | |||||||
| WRAT | 99.13 (72–134) | 104.86 (74–138) | 98.17 (72–120) | 101.43 (89–118) | 94.35 (69–126) | 92.86 (72–119) | F(5,103)=1.54, NS |
| BACS Composite | −0.41 (−3.65–1.55) | 0.05 (−1.83–1.46) | −1.05 (−2.81–0.94) | −1.18 (−3.84–0.95) | −2.15 (−4.00–0.68) | −1.09 (−3.25–3.55) | F(5,103)=6.64, p<0.001 |
| BACS Verbal Memory | −0.52 (−2.83–1.85) | −0.03 (−1.05–1.28) | −0.62 (−2.78–1.24) | −0.37 (−2.73–1.40) | −1.46 (−3.68–1.33) | −0.40 (−3.82–2.47) | F(5,103)=2.52, p<0.05 |
| BACS Digit Sequencing | −0.39 (−3.90–1.59) | −0.17 (−1.92–1.63) | −0.66 (−2.50–1.35) | −1.10 (−2.82–1.05) | −1.40 (−3.71–0.29) | −0.75 (−2.50–1.33) | F(5,103)=2.53, p<0.05 |
| BACS Token Motor | −0.25 (−4.00–1.73) | 0.32 (−1.04–1.87) | −1.32 (−2.70–0.12) | −1.19 (−2.50–0.15) | −1.55 (−4.00–0.72) | −1.51 (−3.72–0.42) | F(5,102)=10.39, p<0.001 |
| BACS Verbal Fluency | −0.12 (−2.37–1.92) | 0.19 (−1.47–2.40) | −0.03 (−0.92–1.44) | −0.18 (−2.26–1.78) | −0.96 (−3.27–1.64) | −0.24 (−1.16–2.25) | F(5,103)=2.73, p<0.05 |
| BACS Symbol Coding | −0.15 (−2.17–1.86) | 0.17 (−1.44–1.27) | −0.88 (−2.09–0.39) | −1.05 (−2.76–0.05) | −1.80 (−3.82–1.09) | −0.96 (−2.56–3.56) | F(5,103)=8.69, p<0.001 |
| BACS Tower of London | −0.20 (−2.45–1.79) | −0.18 (−3.23–1.36) | −0.49 (−2.45–0.44) | −0.17 (−1.76–0.96) | −1.21 (−4.00–0.77) | −0.35 (−4.00–2.76) | F(5,103)=2.59, p<0.05 |
| SFS (Total score) | 146.60 (115–171) | 142.08 (109–167) | 131.83 (84–174) | 122.71 (62–167) | 108.95 (59–162) | 112.76 (54–152) | F(5,98)=8.71, p<0.001 |
Post hoc pairwise comparisons (Tukey HSD or chi square, as appropriate); only statistically significant (p<0.05) differences are reported:
Psychosis Groups:
Gender: There was a higher proportion of females among PSY-NonACU compared to HC-ACU (χ2(1)=3.68, p=0.055) and PSY-ACU (χ2(1)=5.61, p=0.018).
Years of Education: PSY-ACU < HC-ACU (p<0.05).
BACS Composite: PSY-NonACU < HC-ACU (p<0.001), HC-NonACU (p<0.001); PSY-ACU < HC-ACU (p<0.05).
BACS Verbal Memory: PSY-NonACU < HC-ACU (p<0.05).
BACS Digit Sequencing: PSY-NonACU < HC-ACU (p=0.07, trend), HC-NonACU (p=0.07, trend).
BACS Token Motor: PSY-NonACU < HC-ACU (p<0.001), HC-NonACU (p<0.001); PSY-ACU < HC-ACU (p<0.001), HC-NonACU (p<0.001).
BACS Symbol Coding: PSY-NonACU < HC-ACU (p<0.001), HC-NonACU (p<0.001); PSY-ACU < HC-ACU (p=0.01), HC-NonACU (p<0.05).
BACS Tower of London: PSY-NonACU < HC-NonACU (p<0.05).
SFS Total score: PSY-NonACU < HC-NonACU (p<0.001), HC-ACU (p<0.05); PSY-ACU < HC-NonACU (p<0.001), HC-ACU (p<0.05).
Diagnosis Groups:
Years of Education: SZ-ACU < HC-ACU (p=0.072), BP-NonACU (p=0.074, trend).
BACS Composite: SZ-NonACU < HC-ACU (p<0.001), HC-NonACU (p<0.001).
BACS Verbal Memory: SZ-NonACU < HC-ACU (p<0.05).
BACS Digit Sequencing: SZ-NonACU < HC-ACU (p<0.05), HC-NonACU (p<0.05).
BACS Token Motor: SZ-NonACU < HC-ACU (p<0.001), HC-NonACU (p<0.001); SZ-ACU < HC-ACU (p<0.001), HC-NonACU (p<0.001); BP-NonACU < HC-ACU (p<0.01), HC-NonACU (p<0.05); BP-ACU < HC-ACU (p<0.05).
BACS Verbal Fluency: SZ-NonACU < HC-ACU (p<0.05), HC-NonACU (p=0.05).
BACS Symbol Coding: SZ-NonACU < HC-ACU (p<0.001), HC-NonACU (p<0.001); SZ-ACU < HC-ACU (p<0.05).
BACS Tower of London: SZ-NonACU < HC-NonACU (p<0.05).
SFS Total score: SZ-NonACU < HC-NonACU (p<0.001), HC-ACU (p<0.01); SZ-ACU < HC-NonACU (p<0.001), HC-ACU (p<0.05).
HC: healthy controls; PSY: volunteers with psychosis; SZ: volunteers with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder; BP: volunteers with psychotic bipolar I disorder, HC: healthy controls; ACU: adolescent onset cannabis use; Non-ACU: cannabis non-users; WRAT: Wide Range Achievement Test (reading subscale); BACS: Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia; SFS: The Birchwood Social Functioning Scale