Table 3.
Secondary outcome data between groups before and after intervention
| AC group | CT group | Comparison of change | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MOCA | |||
| BL | 25.33 (23.57, 27.09) | 24.15 (22.48, 25.82) | 0.84 (−1.38, 3.06); T = 0.77; |
| FU | 25.39 (23.63, 27.15) | 25.05 (23.38, 26.72) | p = 0.45; |
| Change from BL | 0.06 (−1.55, 1.67) | 0.9 (−0.63, 2.43) | d = 0.24 |
| HVLT-R total | |||
| BL | 19.39 (16.83, 21.95) | 18.50 (16.07, 20.93) | −1.93 (−4.75, 0.88); |
| FU | 21.72 (19.16, 24.28) | 18.90 (16.47, 21.33) | T = −1.39; p = 0.17; |
| Change from BL | 2.33 (0.29, 4.38) | 0.40 (−1.54, 2.34) | d = 0.44 |
| HVLT-R delayed | |||
| BL | 5.67 (4.23, 7.10) | 5.00 (3.64, 6.36) | −0.53 (−2.21, 1.15); |
| FU | 6.35 (4.89, 7.80) | 5.15 (4.49, 6.751) | T = −0.64; p = 0.53; |
| Change from BL | 0.68 (−0.55, 1.92) | 0.15 (−0.99, 1.29) | d = 0.19 |
| Digit span total | |||
| BL | 16.00 (14.41, 17.59) | 14.85 (13.34, 16.36) | −0.93 (−2.18, 0.32); |
| FU | 16.78 (15.19, 18.37) | 14.70 (13.19, 16.21) | T = −1.50; p = 0.14; |
| Change from BL | 0.78 (−0.13, 1.69) | −0.15 (−1.01, 0.71) | d = 0.47 |
| TMT-A time a,b | |||
| BL | 44.74 (35.40, 56.48) | 50.31 (40.10, 63.05) | 0.78 (0.64, 0.95); |
| FU | 45.67 (36.14, 57.64) | 39.77 (31.65, 49.90) | T = −2.57; p = 0.01; |
| Change from BL | 1.02 (0.89, 1.18) | 0.79 (0.69, 0.91) | d = 0.62 |
| TMT-B time a | |||
| BL | 119.11 (95.63, 148.31) | 136.08 (110.52, 167.51) | 0.88 (0.75, 1.04); |
| FU | 120.96 (97.11, 150.61) | 122 (99.12, 150.29) | T = −1.50; p = 0.14; |
| Change from BL | 1.02 (0.90, 1.15) | 0.90 (0.80, 1.01) | d = 0.48 |
| VF-phonemic | |||
| BL | 37.22 (32.26, 42.19) | 31.55 (26.84, 36.26) | −0.47 (−3.96, 3.03); |
| FU | 37.89 (32.93, 42.85) | 31.75 (27.04, 36.46) | T = −0.27; p = 0.79; |
| Change from BL | 0.67 (−1.87, 3.2) | 0.20 (−2.21, 2.61) | d = 0.09 |
| VF-semantic | |||
| BL | 33.22 (28.46, 37.99) | 30.45 (25.93, 34.72) | −1.03 (−5.28, 3.23); |
| FU | 34.00 (29.23, 38.77) | 30.20 (25.68, 34.72) | T = −0.49; p = 0.63; |
| Change from BL | 0.78 (−2.31, 3.87) | −0.25 (−3.18, 2.68) | d = 0.15 |
| VF-switching total | |||
| BL | 12.11 (10.54, 13.68) | 9.70 (8.21, 11.19) | 1.18 (−0.51, 2.87); |
| FU | 11.78 (10.20, 13.35) | 10.55 (9.06, 12.04) | T = 1.42; p = 0.16; |
| Change from BL | −0.33 (−1.56, 0.89) | 0.85 (−0.31, 2.01) | d = 0.45 |
| VF-switching accuracy | |||
| BL | 10.83 (9.04, 12.63) | 8.90 (7.20, 10.60) | −0.09 (−2.54, 2.35); |
| FU | 10.28 (8.48, 12.07) | 8.25 (6.55, 9.95) | T = 0.08; p = 0.94; |
| Change from BL | −0.56 (−2.33, 1.22) | −0.65 (−2.33, 1.03) | d = 0.02 |
| SDMT total | |||
| BL | 35.44 (30.00, 40.89) | 33.95 (28.78, 39.12) | 0.47 (−3.74, 4.68); |
| FU | 37.22 (31.77, 42.67) | 36.20 (31.03, 41.37) | T = 0.23; p = 0.82; |
| Change from BL | 1.78 (−1.28, 4.83) | 2.25 (−0.65, 5.15) | d = 0.07 |
| AGN latency | |||
| BL | 595.75 (547.92, 643.58) | 657.65 (608.42, 706.89) | −29.89 (−66.37, 6.58); |
| FU | 586.42 (538.89, 633.95) | 618.43 (569.19, 667.67) | T = −1.67; p = 0.10; |
| Change from BL | −9.33 (−34.34, 15.68) | −39.22 (−65.78, −12.67) | d = 0.62 |
| AGN omissions a | |||
| BL | 2.85 (1.49, 4.94) | 4.35 (2.42, 7.37) | 0.70 (0.46, 1.06); |
| FU | 4.26 (2.42, 7.08) | 4.15 (2.29, 7.05) | T = −1.73; p = 0.09; |
| Change from BL | 1.37 (1.03, 1.82) | 0.96 (0.71, 1.3) | d = 0.61 |
| AGN commissions a | |||
| BL | 5.05 (3.35, 7.41) | 4.28 (2.76, 6.42) | 0.83 (0.54, 1.3); |
| FU | 5.15 (3.45, 7.51) | 3.48 (2.19, 5.30) | T = −0.83; p = 0.41; |
| Change from BL | 1.02 (0.75, 1.38) | 0.85 (0.62, 1.17) | d = 0.26 |
| HADS total | |||
| BL | 10.78 (7.85, 13.71) | 12.70 (9.92, 15.48) | −1.98 (−5.38, 1.42); |
| FU | 11.56 (8.63, 14.48) | 11.50 (8.72, 14.28) | T = −1.18; p = 0.25; |
| Change from BL | 0.78 (−1.69, 3.24) | −1.2 (−3.54, 1.14) | d = 0.37 |
| PDQ-39 total | |||
| BL | 26.69 (20.81, 32.58) | 28.21 (22.63, 33.79) | −3.33 (−8.07, 1.41); |
| FU | 27.32 (21.43, 33.20) | 25.50 (19.92, 31.09) | T = −1.42; p = 0.16; |
| Change from BL | 0.62 (−2.82, 4.06) | −2.71 (−5.97, 0.55) | d = 0.45 |
| CBI total | |||
| BL | 18.74 (10.62, 26.86) | 33.51 (26.21, 40.81) | −4.51 (−10.66, 1.64); |
| FU | 20.85 (12.66, 29.04) | 31.11 (23.86, 38.36) | T = −1.49; p = 0.15; |
| Change from BL | 2.11 (−2.52, 6.73) | −2.4 (−6.45, 1.65) | d = 0.53 |
| SCOPA-S day b | |||
| BL | 4.77 (3.16, 6.38) | 6.31 (4.72, 7.89) | −1.66 (−3.27, −0.05); |
| FU | 5.00 (3.39, 6.62) | 4.88 (3.32, 6.44) | T = −2.10; p = 0.04; |
| Change from BL | 0.24 (−0.91, 1.38) | −1.43 (−2.56, −0.29) | d = 0.56 |
| SCOPA-S night | |||
| BL | 5.33 (3.18, 7.48) | 6.00 (3.94, 8.06) | −0.24 (−2.17, 1.68); |
| FU | 5.61 (3.46, 7.76) | 6.03 (3.97, 8.09) | T = −0.26; p = 0.80; |
| Change from BL | 0.28 (−1.09, 1.64) | 0.03 (−1.32, 1.39) | d = 0.06 |
MOCA Montreal cognitive assessment, HVLT-R Hopkins verbal learning test-revised, WMS-III Wechsler Memory Scale, VF verbal fluency, DKEFS Delis–Kaplan executive function system, SDMT symbol digit modalities test, TMT trail making test, AGN affective go-no-go test, HADS Hospital Anxiety & Depression Scale, SCOPA Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s disease, PDQ-39 the Parkinson’s disease questionnaire, CBI-R Cambridge behavioral inventory-revised
aAnalysis conducted on Log10 transformed data and represented by geometric means. The change from
baseline is a ratio of the geometric means at follow-up compared with baseline. The comparison of the changes from baseline is the ratio of the change from baseline for the CT group compared the AC group
bResults are adjusted for DDE as a covariate. 95% CIs are presented in brackets