Table 1.
Participant characteristics by depression and diabetes distress status.
| Characteristic | Likely depression | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | |||
| N = 2552 | Diabetes Distress | Diabetes Distress | ||
| Yes | No | Yes | No | |
| Participants (n) | 126 | 572 | 51 | 1668 |
| Age to 2016 (years), mean (SD) | 56.4 ± 11.3 | 60.5 ± 12.6 | 54.7 ± 13.0 | 64.1 ± 12.5 |
| Male, n (%) | 51 (41) | 306 (54) | 19 (37) | 954 (57) |
| Non-English speaking2 | 2 (2) | 29 (5) | 0 (0) | 88 (5) |
| Diabetes duration (years), mean (SD) | 12.2 ± 8.3 | 11.8 ± 9.6 | 10.8 ± 7.2 | 11.7 ± 9.7 |
| Lifestyle | ||||
| Sufficient Physical Activity3, n (%) | 19 (15) | 176 (31) | 15 (29) | 705 (42) |
| Difficulties following the recommended diet, n (%) | 91 (72) | 280 (49) | 36 (71) | 525 (31) |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 26 (21) | 100 (18) | 8 (15.7) | 164 (9.8) |
| Diabetes management | ||||
| HbA1c1 (%), mean (SD) | 9.3 ± 2.1 | 8.4 ± 1.9 | 9.3 ± 2.0 | 8.1 ± 1.8 |
| HbA1c1 (mmol/mol), mean (SD) | 78.4 ± 23 | 68.1 ± 20.7 | 78.6 ± 20.8 | 65.2 ± 20.1 |
| Above target HbA1c (7.0%), n (%) | 97 (83) | 396 (74) | 41 (84) | 1057 (68) |
| Insulin, n (%) | 96 (76) | 362 (63) | 38 (74) | 915 (55) |
| Do you forget to take your medications? n (%) | 66 (52) | 209 (37) | 24 (47) | 360 (22) |
| Blood glucose testing | ||||
| Tests blood glucose level as often as recommended | 58 (46) | 159 (28) | 19 (37) | 407 (25) |
| Does not check blood glucose level as often as recommended | 62 (49) | 368 (65) | 30 (59) | 1,157 (70) |
| Unsure of recommendation | 6 (5) | 39 (7) | 2 (4) | 94 (6) |
| Health professional attendances 3 | ||||
| Diabetes specialist review4 | 85 (67) | 377 (66) | 37 (73) | 1,059 (64) |
| Diabetes educator review4 | 81 (64) | 436 (76) | 41 (80) | 1,201 (72) |
| Dietitian, n (%) | 58 (46) | 306 (54) | 27 (53) | 811 (49) |
| Podiatrist, n (%) | 88 (70) | 378 (66) | 31 (61) | 1,084 (65) |
| Ophthalmologist and/or Optometrist, n (%) | 96 (76) | 471 (82) | 44 (86) | 1,370 (82) |
| Physical health | ||||
| Own health state rating (0–100), mean (SD) | 43 ± 20 | 57 ± 21 | 57 ± 18 | 70 ± 18 |
| Psychological health | ||||
| Depression5, n (%) | 126 (100) | 572 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Treated for depression, n (%) | 60 (48) | 228 (40) | 17 (33) | 282 (17) |
| Taking antidepressants6, n (%) | 54 (43) | 189 (33) | 15 (29) | 249 (15) |
| Undergoing counselling, n (%) | 26 (21) | 103 (18) | 8 (16) | 97 (6) |
| Diabetes Distress overall score7 | 126 (100) | 0 (0) | 51 (100) | 0 (0) |
| Emotional distress score6, n (%) | 120 (95) | 89 (16) | 44 (86) | 69 (4) |
| Physician- related distress score 6, n (%) | 50 (40) | 9 (2) | 19 (37) | 7 (0.4) |
| Regimen- related distress score 6, n (%) | 110 (87) | 78 (14) | 44 (86) | 57 (3) |
| Interpersonal distress score6, n (%) | 83 (66) | 37 (6) | 27 (53) | 29 (2) |
1Within 6 months of survey; 2defined as requirement of interpreter for appointment; 3Sufficient physical activity for health benefit is defined as ≥150 total minutes per week; 4Attended within the last 12 months; 5As indicated by the Brief Case-Find for Depression (BCD); 6Not prescribed for peripheral neuropathy; 7As indicated by Diabetes Distress 17 Score; *Categorical variables were summarised as percentages.