Table 2.

Factors associated with Likely Depression^#.

Factor	Univariable Analysis		Multivariable Analysis
N = 2211	OR (95%CI)	p value	OR (95%CI)	p value
Age
Per 1 year increase	0.97 (0.97–0.98)	<0.001	0.99 (0.98–1.00)	0.086
Sex
Male (ref)
Female	1.27 (1.07–1.50)	0.007	0.96 (0.77–1.18)	0.672
Non-English speaking 2
Yes (ref)
No	1.10 (0.74–1.64)	0.638
Diabetes Duration
1 year increase	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.945
HbA1c 1 %
per unit increase	1.11 (1.06–1.16)	<0.001	0.99 (0.94–1.05)	0.849
Sufficient physical activity 3
No (ref)
Yes	0.51 (0.42–0.62)	<0.001	0.84 (0.67–1.05)	0.123
Difficulties following dietary recommendations
No (ref)
Yes	2.38 (2.00–2.83)	<0.010	1.42 (1.14–1.78)	0.002
Current smoking
No (ref)
Yes	1.97 (1.54–2.51)	<0.001	1.46 (1.08–1.97)	0.013
Insulin use
No (ref)
Yes	1.53 (1.28–1.82)	<0.001	1.11 (0.88–1.39)	0.376
Forgets medications
No (ref)
Yes	2.28 (1.90–2.74)	<0.001	1.47 (1.16–1.85)	0.001
Monitors blood glucose as recommended
No (ref)
Yes	0.70 (0.58–0.85)	<0.001	1.00 (0.79–1.27)	0.998
Unsure of recommended testing	0.90 (0.62–1.31)	0.592	1.22 (0.77–1.94)	0.405
Treated for depression 4
No (ref)
Yes	3.34 (2.76–4.03)	<0.001	2.22 (1.77–2.79)	<0.001
Own health rating (1–100)
per 1 point increase	0.96 (0.96–0.97)	<0.001	0.97 (0.97–0.98)	<0.001
Diabetes Distress 5
No
Yes	7.20 (5.13–10.11)	<0.001	3.18 (2.16–4.69)	<0.001
Diabetes Specialist 6
No (ref)
Yes	1.14 (0.95–1.36)	0.159
Diabetes Educator 6
No (ref)
Yes	1.13 (0.93–1.37)	0.220

¹Within 6 months of survey. ²Defined as requirement of interpreter for appointment. ³Sufficient physical activity for health benefit is defined as ≥150 total minutes per week. ⁴Undergoing counselling or prescribed antidepressant medications. ⁵As indicated by Diabetes Distress 17 Score. ⁶Attended within the last 12 months. ^#As indicated by the Brief Case-Find for Depression (BCD).