Table 2.
Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between cumulative polyphenol intake (total and main groups) and incidence of hypertension
| Polyphenol quartiles, Men | Polyphenol quartiles, Women | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |
| Total polyphenols, mean (SD) | 1024.9 (208.3) | 1471.9 (103.1) | 1866.9 (137.7) | 2658.5 (586.1) | 1035.8 (214.9) | 1470.7 (101.3) | 1878.5 (136.6) | 2598.3 (559.9) |
| Incicent hypertension, n (%) | 171 (67.9) | 184 (66.4) | 209 (68.1) | 200 (63.5) | 221 (67.0) | 232 (60.9) | 267 (65.0) | 251 (55.5) |
| OR (95% CI)a | 1 | 0.96 (0.66, 1.38) | 1.07 (0.74, 1.55) | 0.90 (0.61, 1.31) | 1 | 0.77 (0.56, 1.05) | 0.92 (0.67, 1.26) | 0.62 (0.45, 0.84) |
| OR (95% CI)b | 1 | 1.03 (0.66, 1.59) | 1.07 (0.70, 1.65) | 1.03 (0.65, 1.62) | 1 | 0.80 (0.56, 1.14) | 0.97 (0.68, 1.39) | 0.68 (0.48, 0.87) |
| Flavonoids, mean (SD) | 503.1 (121.1) | 754.7 (55.3) | 957.4 (69.5) | 1474.1 (474.3) | 504.0 (122.5) | 758.1 (54.7) | 956.9 (70.2) | 1452.9 (482.0) |
| OR (95%CI)a | 1 | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.94 (0.66, 1.35) | 1.13 (0.76, 1.67) | 1 | 0.99 (0.74, 1.34) | 0.92 (0.68, 1.24) | 0.77 (0.56, 1.06) |
| OR (95% CI)b | 1 | 0.84 (0.53, 1.32) | 0.93 (0.57, 1.51) | 1.01 (0.57, 1.76) | 1 | 0.91 (0.63, 1.31) | 0.85 (0.58, 1.25) | 0.64 (0.40, 1.01) |
| Phenolic acids, mean (SD) | 284.2 (87.3) | 614.4 (61.8) | 841.2 (173.7) | 1488.1 (301.4) | 290.2 (86.3) | 617.5 (60.7) | 836.3 (171.5) | 1450.9 (242.0) |
| OR (95% CI)a | 1 | 0.94 (0.65, 1.34) | 1.11 (0.78, 1.59) | 0.88 (0.62, 1.25) | 1 | 0.82 (0.60, 1.12) | 0.80 (0.59, 1.10) | 0.67 (0.49, 0.90) |
| OR (95% CI)b | 1 | 0.96 (0.62, 1.49) | 0.98 (0.64, 1.51) | 0.92 (0.58, 1.44) | 1 | 0.70 (0.49, 1.01) | 0.75 (0.52, 1.08) | 0.64 (0.44, 0.92) |
| Stilbenes, mean (SD) | 0.005 (0.003) | 0.017 (0.005) | 0.046 (0.012) | 0.525 (1.089) | 0.004 (0.003) | 0.017 (0.005) | 0.046 (0.013) | 0.575 (1.241) |
| OR (95% CI)a | 1 | 0.99 (0.68, 1.45) | 0.88 (0.61, 1.28) | 0.88 (0.61, 1.25) | 1 | 0.86 (0.64, 1.17) | 0.81 (0.59, 1.09) | 0.78 (0.58, 1.05) |
| OR (95% CI)b | 1 | 0.98 (0.62, 1.56) | 0.74 (0.46, 1.16) | 0.71 (0.45, 1.12) | 1 | 0.85 (0.59, 1.21) | 0.77 (0.54, 1.09) | 0.84 (0.59, 1.20) |
| Lignans, mean (SD) | 0.16 (0.04) | 0.24 (0.01) | 0.31 (0.02) | 2.09 (25.29) | 0.16 (0.04) | 0.24 (0.01) | 0.31 (0.02) | 1.86 (23.11) |
| OR (95% CI)a | 1 | 0.84 (0.59, 1.20) | 1.03 (0.72, 1.47) | 1.03 (0.71, 1.47) | 1 | 1.31 (0.98, 1.75) | 0.94 (0.71, 1.25) | 1.06 (0.78, 1.44) |
| OR (95% CI)b | 1 | 1.06 (0.68, 1.65) | 1.09 (0.68, 1.76) | 1.29 (0.78, 2.16) | 1 | 1.24 (0.88, 1.75) | 1.05 (0.72, 1.52) | 1.40 (0.92, 2.14) |
| Others, mean (SD) | 6.1 (3.0) | 17.0 (3.1) | 32.9 (5.4) | 77.3 (42.3) | 6.56 (3.0) | 16.7 (3.0) | 32.6 (5.7) | 76.8 (34.6) |
| OR (95% CI)a | 1 | 1.01 (0.71, 1.43) | 1.15 (0.81, 1.64) | 084 (0.59, 1.18) | 1 | 0.99 (0.73, 1.35) | 0.75 (0.55, 1.01) | 0.60 (0.44, 0.82) |
| OR (95% CI)b | 1 | 1.18 (0.75, 1.87) | 1.29 (0.81, 2.07) | 0.87 (0.55, 1.36) | 1 | 1.21 (0.83, 1.77) | 0.87 (0.60, 1.26) | 0.61 (0.42, 0.90) |
aAge- and energy-adjusted
bAdjusted for age, total energy intake, body mass index, physical activity, educational status, smoking status, alcohol consumption (yes/no and continuous), sodium, potassium and fiber intake, menopausal status (women only), and all main classes of polyphenols included in the table