Table 3.
Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between individual polyphenol subclasses and incidence of hypertension
| Polyphenol quartiles men | Polyphenol quartiles women | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |
| Phenolic acids | ||||||||
| Hydroxybenzoic acids, mean (SD) (mg/day) | 43.5 (24.2) | 85.8 (0.9) | 91.7 (3.6) | 156.9 (834.2) | 44.6 (22.9) | 85.7 (0.9) | 91.8 (3.9) | 159.4 (35.8) |
| OR (95% CI)a | 1 | 1.33 (0.87, 2.04) | 1.02 (0.67, 1.55) | 1.30 (0.85, 1.98) | 1 | 1.07 (0.77, 1.48) | 1.48 (1.05, 2.07) | 1.04 (0.76, 1.45) |
| Hydroxycinnamic acids, mean (SD) (mg/day) | 183.6 (73.9) | 530.7 (65.6) | 727.2 (177.3) | 1391.2 (297.2) | 196.7 (76.1) | 534.2 (62.9) | 716.3 (160.0) | 1351.8 (229.2) |
| OR (95% CI)a | 1 | 0.96 (0.62, 1.48) | 1.11 (0.73, 1.69) | 0.94 (0.62, 1.42) | 1 | 0.85 (0.59, 1.21) | 0.69 (0.48, 0.98) | 0.66 (0.47, 0.93) |
| Flavonoids | ||||||||
| Flavanols, mean (SD) (mg/day) | 324.1 (109.3) | 520.2 (56.7) | 681.8 (44.1) | 1122.9 (427.6) | 327.1 (106.5) | 526.4 (58.6) | 681.5 (44.2) | 1089.1 (348.1) |
| OR (95% CI)b | 1 | 0.74 (0.46, 1.17) | 0.86 (0.54, 1.39) | 0.81 (0.46, 1.41) | 1 | 1.08 (0.74, 1.57) | 0.68 (0.45, 1.01) | 0.55 (0.35, 0.86) |
| Flavonols, mean (SD) (mg/day) | 59.9 (15.0) | 89.8 (6.5) | 113.6 (7.7) | 161.7 (34.5) | 60.5 (14.8) | 89.3 (6.2) | 113.1 (7.7) | 166.9 (65.7) |
| OR (95% CI)b | 1 | 1.10 (0.69, 1.76) | 1.49 (0.90, 2.45) | 1.41 (0.79, 2.54) | 1 | 1.05 (0.72, 1.54) | 1.18 (0.78, 1.78) | 1.43 (0.90, 2.27) |
| Flavanones, mean (SD) (mg/day) | 24.9 (11.3) | 59.9 (11.2) | 103.4 (15.7) | 221.4 (90.2) | 25.3 (11.2) | 60.1 (11.1) | 106.7 (15.7) | 216.5 (87.0) |
| OR (95% CI)b | 1 | 0.91 (0.57, 1.44) | 0.84 (0.52, 1.36) | 0.88 (0.51, 1.54) | 1 | 1.35 (0.96, 1.88) | 1.52 (1.03, 2.24) | 1.46 (0.96, 2.22) |
| Flavones, mean (SD) (mg/day) | 1.9 (0.7) | 4.3 (0.7) | 7.7 (1.5) | 16.4 (6.4) | 1.9 (0.6) | 4.2 (0.7) | 7.9 (1.5) | 16.0 (6.4) |
| OR (95% CI)b | 1 | 1.02 (0.64, 1.62) | 0.88 (0.53, 1.48) | 0.92 (0.49, 1.73) | 1 | 0.84 (0.59, 1.20) | 0.84 (0.56, 1.26) | 0.71 (0.4, 1.15) |
| Anthocyanins, mean (SD) (mg/day) | 4.4 (2.7) | 8.7 (1.2) | 14.4 (2.4) | 86.2 (133.5) | 4.4 (1.9) | 8.8 (1.2) | 14.4 (2.4) | 106.2 (234.0) |
| OR (95% CI)b | 1 | 0.79 (0.48, 1.29) | 0.86 (0.52, 1.41) | 0.94 (0.55, 1.60) | 1 | 1.52 (1.04, 2.21) | 1.52 (1.03, 2.25) | 1.31 (0.88, 1.94) |
| Isoflavones, mean (SD) (mg/day) | 0.0005 (0.002) | 0.140 (0.001) | 0.196 (0.0002) | 4.219 (6.287) | 0.001 (0.001) | 0.140 (0.001) | 0.196 (0.001) | 5.534 (11.172) |
| OR (95% CI)b | 1 | 0.78 (0.46, 1.30) | 1.01 (0.58, 1.77) | 1.09 (0.63, 1.88) | 1 | 1.12 (0.77, 1.64) | 1.05 (0.68, 1.60) | 0.91 (0.60, 1.38) |
| Dihydrochalcones, mean (SD) (mg/day) | 1.8 (1.2) | 6.8 (1.7) | 9.7 (0.9) | 25.1 (7.9) | 1.9 (1.2) | 7.0 (1.6) | 9.7 (1.0) | 24.9 (7.6) |
| OR (95% CI)b | 1 | 0.94 (0.61, 1.46) | 1.39 (0.85, 2.27) | 1.19 (0.72, 1.96) | 1 | 0.97 (0.68, 1.38) | 1.01 (0.69, 1.47) | 1.40 (0.93, 2.09) |
aMultivariate analyses were adjusted for age, total energy intake, body mass index, physical activity, educational status, smoking status, alcohol consumption, sodium, potassium and fiber intake, menopausal status (women only), and phenolic acid subclasses listed in the table
bMultivariate analyses were adjusted for age, total energy intake, body mass index, physical activity, educational status, smoking status, alcohol consumption, sodium, potassium and fiber intake, menopausal status (women only), and flavonoids subclasses listed in the table