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. 2018 May 18;17:203. doi: 10.1186/s12936-018-2354-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Map of Equatorial Guinea with study areas. The country’s capital is Malabo, on Bioko Island. Sampling took place in two villages of mainland Equatorial Guinea, Ngonamanga and Miyobo (red stars). Ngonamanga (Litoral province, N 02°09′34,5″; E 009°47′54,4″) is a coastland village, isolated from the main trade routes, having an older population, whereas Miyobo (Centro Sur province, N 01°44′56,40″; E 10°10′40,05″) is a village in the interior, but closer to a developing city Niefang and nearby a main road, having a younger population [4]